Moskva, Moscow, Russian Federation
This article is devoted to a problem of resistance to organizational changes in projects in general and its socio-psychological aspect in particular. During the literary review the points of view on interrelation of project management and organizational change management are revealed, types and models of organizational changes introduction are allocated. Besides, the review includes the works devoted to socio-psychological aspect of change management, and the conflicts as to a consequence of these changes, and their influence on project success.
management of organizational change projects, resistance to change, conflict management, socio-psychological foundations of project management.
Проблема организации и проведения организационных изменений
Проблеме организации и проведения организационных изменений уделено немало внимания в научной литературе. Так, в 1960-х гг. стали появляться программы организационного развития (organizational development), фокусировавшиеся, в первую очередь, на поддержке постепенных организационных изменений. Впоследствии с разработкой проблематики стратегических изменений появляется большое количество моделей. Например, в 1974 г. модель, разработанная Watzlawick, предусматривала два вида изменений: first-order и second-order, проводившими различие между качественными изменениями системы и перенастройкой отдельных компонентов внутри системы, а в 1976 г. Golembiewski разработал модель организационных изменений, в основе которой лежали три типа трансформации: «альфа», «бета», «гамма». При «альфа»-изменении расширяется существующее поле деятельности сотрудников, при «бета» — устанавливаются новые стандарты работы, переход посредством «квантового скачка» в способе осуществления работ имеет место при «гамма»-трансформации [30].
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