The issues, concerning institutional climate conducive to the creation and diffusion of innovation, are discussed in the article. Comparative analysis of institution identifies significant gaps in institutional climate in different countries. Two groups of requirements have been identified in order to improve the quality of institutional environment for Russian innovators. The basic requirements are due to the patterns of scientific and technical development of the global economy; as a rule, they are common for all countries. The special requirements are determined by the spatial, sectoral and other internal factors. We distinguish requirements for institution in countries with developed industry and less developed one. We show that it is important to focus on the development and diversity of channels for transfer of knowledge and technology in such country as Russia. The shift in innovation paradigm focuses on the efforts to improve communicative character of institutional climate and to create innovation ecosystems.
institution environment, knowledge, new technology, innovation linkages, interaction, communication, system approach.
Под интенсификацией инноваций будем понимать инновационный процесс от идеи до коммерческой реализации с применением наиболее экономичных способов, включая расход материальных, финансовых, трудовых, временных ресурсов. В данном случае акцент сделан на способах эффективной организации инновационной деятельности за счет улучшения качества институциональных условий с целью получить наибольшие результаты. Для этого требуются определенные меры, формирующие подходящую среду для деятельности участников таких процессов, экономических агентов: исследователей, разработчиков технологий, инвесторов, предпринимателей, чиновников. Трактовка интенсивности инновационных процессов фокусирует внимание на аспекте результативности затрат, т.е. на выходных показателях инноваций по сравнению с входными параметрами. Такой подход сконцентрирован на влиянии исходных условий на итоги научно-технического развития. По мнению известных ученых и опыту лидирующих в инновационном развитии стран, основополагающие условия для инноваций – это правильная нормативно-правовая база инновационной деятельности, креативные люди, развитая инфраструктура связей акторов, инновационная культура [1; 3; 7; 9; 12].
1. Golichenko O.G. Osnovnye faktory razvitija nacional’noj innovacionnoj sistemy: uroki dlja Rossii [The Basic Factors for Development of the National Innovation System]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2011.
2. Dezhina I. V ljubom dele ochen’ vysoka rol’ lidera [The Leadership is Very High in Any Case] Innnovacionnye trendy [Innovation Trends]. 2011, I. 12, pp. 4-6.
3. Ivanova N.I. Nauka i innovacii [Science and Innovation]. Mir peremen [World of Changes]. 2013, I. 1, pp. 84-88.
4. Klejner G.B. Jevoljucija institucional’nyh sistem [Evolution of institutional systems]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 2004.
5. Klejner G.B. Novaja teorija jekonomicheskih sistem i ejo priozhenija [New Theory of Economic Systems and Its Application]. Vestnik RAN [Westnik RAS]. 2011, I. 81 (9), pp. 794-811.
6. Livshic V.N. Sistemnyj analiz rynochnogo reformirovanija nestacionarnoj jekonomiki Rossii: 1992-2013 [System Analysis of Market Reforming in No stationary Russian Economy: 1992-2013]. Moscow, LENAND Publ., 2013.
7. Miller W. U nas net innovacionnoj sistemy [There Is No Innovation System in the US]. Innnovacionnye trendy [Innovation Trends]. 2011, I. 8, pp. 4-6.
8. Nikonova A.A. Institucional’naja sreda dlja innovacij [Institution environment to innovate] Institucional’naja jekonomika: teorija, praktika, prilozhenie. Mater. III Mezhd. nauchno-prakt. konfer. Pod red. chl.-korr. RAN G.B. Klejnera [Institutional economics: theory, practice, and application. Proceedings of III International Conference by G.B. Kleiner (ed)]. Moscow, GUU Publ., 2008.
9. Rekomendacii po sovershenstvovaniju rossijskih institutov innovacionnogo razvitija. Otchjot. [Recommendations for improving the Russian institutes of innovation development. Report]. Moscow, RESH Publ., 2012. Available at: http://www.2013.forinnovations.ru/upload/doc/Рекомендации%20РИИР_РЭШ.pdf.
10. Rossijskij statisticheskij ezhegodnik 2015 g. [The Russian Statistical Yearbook, 2015]. Stat.sb. Moscow, Rosstat Publ., 2015.
11. Rossija i strany – chleny Evropejskogo sojuza 2015 g. [Russia and the European Union member countries, 2015]. Stat.sb. Moscow, Rosstat Publ., 2015.
12. Rowen H. Vash prezident ponimaet vazhnost’ zakonov [President Medvedev Understands the Importance of Rules]. Innnovacionnye trendy [Innovation Trends]. 2011, I. 8, pp. 1-3.
13. Sulakshin S.S. Obraz budushhej Rossii [Future image of Russia] Upravlenie razvitiem krupnomasshtabnyh sistem (MLSD’2015): Mater. Vos‘moj mezhd. konfer. 29 sent. – 1 okt. 2015 g. Moskva, v 2 t. In-t problem upravlenija im. V.A. Trapeznikova Ross. akad. nauk; pod obshej red. S.N. Vasil‘eva, A.D. Cvirkuna. V.1. [Management of large-scale system development (MLSD’2015): Proceedings of the 8-th International Conference 29 Sep-1 Oct. 2015 Moscow]. Moscow, IPU Publ., 2015, pp. 139-151.
14. North D.C. Institutions, Institutional Change, and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
15. North D.C. Economic Performance through Time. The American Economic Review. 1994. Vol. 84 No 3. PP 359–368.
16. The Global Competitiveness Report, 2015–2016. Geneva: World Economic Forum, 2015. Available at: http://www3.weforum.org/docs/gcr/2015-2016/Global_Competitiveness_Report_2015-2016.pdf.
17. The Global Innovation Index 2015. WIPO, Geneva, 2015. Available at: https://www.globalinnovationindex.org/userfiles/file/reportpdf/GII-2015-v5.pdf.
18. Wessner Ch.W. The U.S. Small Business Innovation Research Program. The U.S. Advanced Technology Program. Improving Government-SME Partnerships for the Development of New Technologies. 6 Countries Programme Conference, Vancouver, Canada. June 6, 2003. Available at: www.6cp.net/downloads/03vancouver_wessner.ppt
