Objective of research: the sanitary-veterinary and economic evaluation of the disinfecting effect of different technologies applied for decontamination of livestock manure and sewage from invasive pathogens of pigs as well as for conversion of these wastes. Materials and methods: The degree of contamination of liquid manure from pig farms with eggs and helminth larvae, cysts and oocysts of parasitic protozoa, was studied on the samples collected once a month at farms of the Moscow region, and once every two months at farms of the Republic of Mordovia. Sampling, transportation and investigation of samples were carried out by the method of A. Cherepanov (1972). Samples were taken in the morning at 3-5 points using IMOP sampler 1000. At the sampling point, an inventory was created where the date, location, selection point and its sample volume were indicated. To prevent the development of microflora in the samples, a certain amount of preserving agent was added. When sampling solid manure fraction from the surface, middle and lower level, manure mass was selected horizontally at each level from 3-5 points, thoroughly mixed, then the averaged sample (1.0 kg) was placed in a plastic bag. To confirm the viability of helminth eggs detected by coproovoscopic examinations, eggs were transferred with a micropipette into Petri dishes and cultured in an thermostat at a temperature 26˚C in a humid environment, periodically aerating and observing the development of the embryo. Comparative assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment facilities in selected pig farms was performed by comparing the number of invasive elements in 1 liter of liquid manure entering and flowing out of the treatment facilities. Results and discussion: at all three selected pig farms, the most intense infections with helminth eggs, cysts and oocysts parasitic protozoa were found in raw sewage, what indicates a lack of effectiveness of anti-parasitic measures at the farm. JSC “Mordovia bacon” with 54 thousand pig heads a year is the only one of three inspected farms, where liquid manure is separated into fractions, followed by disinfestation of solid fraction on concrete pads with further application of manure as an organic fertilizer. Due to mechanical separation of liquid manure into fractions applied at this farm, the number of parasitic elements of internal parasites of pigs (eggs of Ascaris, trihotsefal, esophagitis, coccidia oocysts and cysts balantidiums) in 1 kg solid fraction was 586 ind. The efficiency of decontamination of liquid manure from parasitic elements, taking into account this treatment method was 53,6-73,4%. Biothermal decontamination of solid fraction of manure piles is achieved within 3-5 months (100%), depending on the season and used in fields as organic fertilizer.
pigs, industrial-type farms, sewage, manure contamination invasive elements, methods of removal, processing and disinfection, sanitary-parasitological and economic evaluation methods.
Введение
Несмотря на проведения противоэпизоотических мероприятий полной профилактики паразитозов среди поголовья в свиноводческих хозяйствах не достигается. Об этом свидетельствует работы отечественных и зарубежных ветеринарных паразитологов — Г.В. Сосипатров, 1974; Р.Т. Сафиуллин, 1974-2012; Л.В. Кавардакова, 1978; А.И. Каарма, 1979; А.И. Ятусевич, 1987-1991; М.В. Якубовский, 1987; А.А. Черепанов, 2001; А.В. Котков, 2009; С.В. Мукасеев, 2010; L. Carstensenetall., 2002; K. Lindgrenetall.,2008; P. Nosaletall., 2009; D. Boykinetall., 2014; J. Jourquinetall., 2014 и другие.
Проведенными исследованиями установлено, что зараженные кишечными нематодами и паразитическими простейшими животные выделяют большое количество инвазионных элементов, которые контаминируют объекты внешней среды и стоки свинокомплексов, а при неэффективной работе очистных сооружений и окружающую среду. При этом попавшие в почву яйца, цисты и ооцисты кишечных паразитов сохраняют свою жизнеспособность и инвазионные свойства в течение нескольких лет и служат источниками заражения для животных и людей, вызывая тяжелые формы ларвальных и миграционных паразитов. При сбрасывании стоков комплексов на окружающую их территорию происходит диссеминация инвазионного начала на значительные расстояния от мест сброса. А в случае использования необеззараженных стоков свиноводческих предприятий для полива пастбищ или сельскохозяйственных угодий имеет место распространение и передача инвазионных элементов паразитов через растительные культуры животным и человеку (Н.А. Романенко, 1974; И.В. Мельцов, 2003; Y. Blanken, 1970; C.H. Burton, C. Turner , 2003).
Для минимизации отрицательного действия стоков свиноводства на окружающую среду необходимо руководствоваться концепцией девастации инвазионных болезней по К.И. Скрябину (1947) и принятой системой противопаразитарных обработок с дегельминтизацией не только животных, но и получаемого на свинокомплексах бесподстилочного навоза и стоков в соответствии с современными стандартами природоохранных технологий.
Тем более как в нашей стране, так и за ее пределами разработаны эффективные технологии очистных сооружений и дезинвазии животноводческих стоков и с использованием последних в качестве доступных органических удобрений или топлива для биогазовых установок.
Исходя из всего отмеченного перед собой поставили задачу дать санитарно-паразитологическую и экономическую оценку методам обеззараживания стоков и навоза на свинокомплексах.
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