Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
GRNTI 68.47 Лесное хозяйство
The parameters of the leaf apparatus of reproductively mature trees of five species from different sections of the poplar genus, most frequently encountered in urban plantings of Nizhny Novgorod, are investigated. Chinese poplar (Populus Simonii Carr.), white poplar (Populus alba L.), laurel poplar (Populus laurifolia Ledeb.), black poplar (Populus nigra L.), balsampoplar (Populus balsamifera L.). The methodological basis of the study was based on the principles of the only logical difference, suitability and expediency of the experiment. Along with the signs of direct account in the scheme of the experiment, derivative features are introduced that give a quantitative evaluation of the shape and an indirect estimate of the area of leaf blades. Statistical, correlation and regression analysis were used according to the generally accepted schemes. Representatives of the poplar genus in the urban plantations of the Middle Volga region form a leaf apparatus, that exhibits a variability in the basic morphological characteristics. Varying the linear parameters corresponds to the low and medium level of the Mamaev scale, which was steadily manifested in all the species studied. The coefficients of variation in the length of the leaf blade were from 12.05% (P. laurifolia) to 20.85% (P. alba). Correlation of the length and width of the leaf blades corresponds to the high closeness of the Cheddock connection, and their connection with estimates of the area of the leaf surface is very high and fixed at comparable levels. Dependence of changes in one index of the leaf apparatus on the nature of variation of the other adequately describes the equations of a straight line. Correlation and regression analyzes did not reveal a reliable relationship between the length of the leaf blade and its shape, which is recorded in all variants of the experiment. The indifference of the shape of the leaf blade indicates the stability of its manifestations within the species and determines the expediency of applying this index in solving classification and identification problems when forming the range of plantings.
poplar, lamina, chard, linear parameters, correlation, regression.
Оптимизация компонентов городской среды длительное время остается в числе наиболее актуальных задач в большинстве современных урбоэкосистем, не снижает своей значимости в городах Среднего Поволжья и Нижегородской области в их числе. Наряду с действенными мерами, направленными на решения указанных задач, лежащих в плоскости архитектуры и градостроительства, городской транспортной логистики и инженерной инфраструктуры, результативным средством улучшения параметров городской среды и приведения их к нормам комфортности выступают системы городских насаждений. Эффективность выполнения ими своих декоративно-эстетических и санитарно-гигиенических функций во много определяется рациональным выбором ассортимента видов деревьев и кустарников. Соответствие их биологии существующим почвенно-климатическим условиям рассматривают как залог устойчивости, долговечности и утилитарности создаваемых таким путем посадок.
В составе лесопарков, парковых зон и других категорий объектов озеленения населенных мест традиционно и достаточно широко представлены многочисленные виды и декоративные формы рода тополь (Populus L.). Будучи хорошо адаптированными к экологическому фону Среднего Поволжья [1], обладая высокими темпами роста в сочетании с уникальным комплексом полезных признаков и свойств [2–4], они неизменно вызывают интерес со стороны отечественных ученых-лесоводов [5, 6]. Систематическое и многоплановое изучение тополей, как весьма перспективных в хозяйственном отношении растений на протяжении многих лет, осуществляется во многих зарубежных странах: Казахстане [7–9], Италии [10], Китае [11], США [12], Канаде [13–15], Иране [16], Бельгии [17] и многих других. Их хозяйственное использование весьма разнообразно, в связи с чем широко освещается создание коротко-ротационных, биоэнергетических и экспериментальных плантаций [12, 16, 17, 18], использование генно-модифицированных тополей [19], микроклональное размножение [20], переработка древесины, в том числе в целлюлозном производстве [2, 15], устойчивость к болезням и неблагоприятным зимним факторам [3, 14], внутривидовая и межвидовая гибридизация [5, 21], генетические аспекты селекции на продуктивность и адаптация [10, 11, 16, 22], внутри- и межклоновая изменчивость по широкому спектру признаков и свойств [9, 10, 23]. В контексте перечисленных вопросов последовательно ведется детальное изучение разнообразных характеристик листового аппарата относительно его морфологии, физиологии, активности фотосинтеза и других показателей [24–26].
1. Kupriyanov N.V. Lesa i lesnoe khozyaystvo Nizhegorodskoy oblasti. [Forests and forestry of Nizhny Novgorod region]. / N.V. Kupriyanov, S.S. Veretennikov, V.V. Shishov. - Nizhny Novgorod: Volga-Vyatskoe knish.izd-vo, 1995. – P. 349.
2. Ivannikov S.P. Topol. [Poplar]. / S.P. Ivannikov. - Moscow: Lesnaya promushlennost, 1980. – P. 85.
3. Tsareva R.P. Otbor zimostoykikh gibridov topolya dlya ozeleneniya severnykh gorodov. // Problemy ozeleneniya severnykh gorodov: Mezhdunarodnoe soveschanie. (Selection of winter-resistant poplar hybrids for gardening of northern cities. // Problems of landscaping of northern cities: International meeting, 30 iyunya - 5 iyulya 1997 g.). Petrozavodsk: Izd-vo PGU, 1997. - P. 37 - 38.
4. Tsareva R.P. Otsenka i otbor razlichnykh sortov topoley, perspektivnykh dlya zaschitnogo lesorazvedeniya TsChO. // Ekologiya Tsentralnogo Chernozemya Rossiyskoy Federatsii: Sb. nauch. tr. (Assessment and selection of different varieties of poplars, promising for protective afforestation of Central chernozam region. // Ecology of the Central Chernozem Region of the Russian Federation: collection of scientific papers). - Lipetsk: Izd-vo LEGI, 1998. - P. 47 - 52.
5. Tsarev A.P. Sortovedenie topolya. [Sortology of poplar]. / A.P. Tsarev. - Voronezh: Izd-vo Voronezhskog gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 1985. – P. 152.
6. Skvortsov A.K. Sistematicheskiy konspekt roda Populus v Vostochnoy Evrope, Severnoy i Sredney Azii. [A systematic outline of the Populus genus in Eastern Europe, North and Central Asia]. / A.K. Skvortsov // Byulleten Glavnogo botanicheskogo sada. – The Herald of the Main Botanical Garden. - 2010. Issue 196. P. 62 - 73.
7. Besschetnov P.P. Topol (Kultura i selektsiya). [Poplar (Culture and selection)]. / P.P. Besschetnov. - Alma-Ata: Kaynar, 1969. – P. 155.
8. Besschetnov P.P. Turangovye topolya Kazakhstana. [Asiatic poplar of Kazakhstan]. / Besschetnov P.P., Grudzinskaya L.M. Alma-Ata: Nauka, 1981. – P. 152.
9. Besschetnov P.P. Influence of environmental factors on the variability of morphological features of the grey-leaf poplar. [Vliyanie ekologicheskikh faktorov na izmenchivost morfologicheskikh priznakov topolya sizolistnogo]. / P.P. Besschetnov, L.M. Grudzinskaya // Ekologiya. – Ecology. 1974. - №6.- P. 37-40.
10. Brundu, G. The Origin of Clonal Diversity and Structure of Populus alba in Sardinia: Evidence from Nuclear and Plastid Microsatellite Markers / G. Brundu, R. Lupi, I. Zapelli, T. Fossati, G. Patrignani, I. Camarda, F. Sala, S.Castiglione // Annals of Botany. – 2008. – Volume 102 Issue 6. – Pp. 997 – 1006. DOI: 10.1093/AOB/MCN107.
11. Jianming, G. ISSR and AFLP identification and genetic relationships of Chinese elite accessions from the genus Populus / G. Jianming, Z. Shougong, Q. Liwang, Z. Yong, W. Chunguo, S. Wenqina // Annals of Forest Science. – 2006. – Volume 63, Number 5. – Pp. 499 – 506. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2006031.
12. Adams, J.P. Initial effects of quinclorac on the survival and growth of high biomass tree species / J.P. Adams, M. H. Pelkki, V. L. Ford, A. Humphrey // Annals of Forest Research. – 2017. – Volume 60, Issue 1. – Pp. 1 – 13. DOI:10.15287/afr.2016.734.
13. Cooke, J.E.K. Trees of the people: the growing science of poplars in Canada and worldwide / J.E.K. Cooke, S.B. Rood // Canadian Journal of Botany. – 2007. – Volume 85. – Pp. 1103 – 1110. DOI: 10.1139/B07-125.
14. Ondro, W.J. Present trends and future prospects for poplar utilization in Alberta / W. J. Ondro // The Forestry Chronicle. – 1991. – Volume 67, No. 3. – Pp. 271 – 274. DOI: 10.5558/tfc67271-3.
15. Zufa, L. Poplar Breeding in Canada / L. Zufa // The Forestry Chronicle. – 1969. – Volume 45, No. 6. – Pp. 402 – 408. DOI: 10.5558/tfc45402-6.
16. Alimohamadi, A. Genetic diversity in Populus nigra plantations from west of Iran Plantations / A. Alimohamadi, F. Asadi, R. Aghdaei // Annals of Forest Research. – 2012. – Volume 55, Issue 2. – Pp. 165 – 178.
17. Broeck, A.V. Paternity analysis of Populus nigra L. offspring in a Belgian plantation of native and exotic poplars / A.V. Broeck, J. Cottrell, P. Quataert, P. Breyne, V. Storme, W. Boerjanc J.V. Slycken // Annals of Forest Science. – 2006. – Volume 63, Number 7. – Pp. 783 – 790. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2006060.
18. Martín-García, J. Towards standardized crown condition assessment in poplar plantations / J.Martín-García, J.J. Diez, H. Jactel // Annals of Forest Science. – 2009. – Volume 66, Number 3, Article Number 308. – Pp. 308p1 – 308p7. DOI: 10.1051/forest/2009006.
19. Sixto, H. Populus genus for the biomass production for energy use: a review / H. Sixto, M.J. Hernandez, M. Barrio, J. Carrasco, I. Cañellas // Forest Systems. – 2007. – Volume 16, No. 3. – Pp. 277 – 294. DOI: 10.5424/srf/2007163-01016.
20. Bueno, M.A. Plant regeneration of Populus alba "Siberia extremeña" from ament / M.A. Bueno, R. Astorga, J.A. Manzanera // Forest Systems. – 1992. – Volume 1, No. 2. – Pp. 163 – 171. DOI: 10.5424/491.
21. Broeck, A.V. Natural hybridization between cultivated poplars and their wild relatives: evidence and consequences for native poplar populations / A.V. Broeck, M. Villar, E.V. Bockstaele, J. V. Slycken // Annals of Forest Science. – 2005. – Volume 62, Number 7. – Pp. 601 – 613. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2005072.
22. Corcuera, L. Ecophysiology as a tool for selecting more adapted and productive clones, in a clonal silvicultural frame of poplars / L. Corcuera, C. Maestro, E. Notivol // Forest Systems. – 2005. – Volume 14, No. 3. – Pp. 394 – 407. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.5424/srf/2005143-00933.
23. Desrochers, A. Production and role of epicormic shoots in pruned hybrid poplar: effects of clone, pruning season and intensity / A. Desrochers, V. Maurin, E, Tarroux // Annals of Forest Science. – 2015. – Volume 72, Number 4. – Pp. 425 – 434. DOI: 10.1007/s13595-014-0443-8.
24. Coll, L. Growth, allocation and leaf gas exchanges of hybrid poplar plants in their establishment phase on previously forested sites: effect of different vegetation management techniques / L. Coll, C. Messier, S. Delagrange, F. Berninger // Annals of Forest Science. – 2007. – Volume 64, Number 3. – Pp. 275 – 285. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2007005.
25. Marron, N. Modulation of leaf physiology by age and in response to abiotic constraints in young cuttings of two Populus deltoides × P. nigra genotypes / N. Marron, F. Brignolas, F.M. Delmotte1, E. Dreyer // Annals of Forest Science. – 2008. – Volume 65, Number 4, Article Number 404. – Pp. 404p1 – 404p8. DOI: 10.1051/forest:2008016.
26. Milla-Moreno, E.A. Leaf mass per area predicts palisade structural properties linked to mesophyll conductance in balsam poplar (Populus balsamifera L.) / E.A. Milla-Moreno, A.D. McKown, R.D. Guy, R.Y. Soolanayakanahally // Canadian Journal of Botany. – 2016. – Volume 94, Issue 3. – Pp. 225 – 239. DOI: 10.1139/cjb-2015-0219.
27. Dospekhov B.A. Metodika polevogo opyta: (S osnovami statisticheskoy obrabotki rezultatov issledovaniy). [Field experience methodology: (with the basics of statistical processing of research results). Moscow: Kolos, 1985. P. 416.
28. Gataulin A.M. System of applied statistical and mathematical methods for processing experimental data in agriculture. [Sistema prikladnykh statistiko-matematicheskikh metodov obrabotki eksperimentalnykh dannykh v selskom khozyaystve]. - Moscow: Izd-vo MShA, 1992. – P. 192.
29. Mamaev S.A. O problemakh i metodakh vnutrividovoy sistematiki drevesnykh rasteniy. II. Amplituda izmenchivosti. // Zakonomernosti formoobrazovaniya i differentsiatsii vida u drevesnykh rasteniy: Trudy Instituta ekologii rasteniy i zhivotnykh. [On the problems and methods of intraspecific systematics of woody plants. II. Amplitude of variability. / S.A. Mamaev // Laws of Formation and Differentiation of Species in Woody Plants: Proceedings of the Institute of Ecology of Plants and Animals]. - Sverdlovsk, 1969. - P. 3 - 38.
