Moskva, Russian Federation
Moskva, Russian Federation
Sadovsky Institute of Geospheres Dynamics of RAS
Moskva, Russian Federation
Moscow, Moscow, Russian Federation
Research Testing Center, Central Research Institute, Aerospace Defense Forces
Moskva, Russian Federation
Moskva, Russian Federation
We consider the ionospheric models that are suitable for over-the-horizon HF and UHF band radars. Namely, there are three such models: the numerical model developed by IZMIRAN and Fedorov Institute of Applied Geophysics, the numerical model designed by ISTP SB RAS and IDG RAS, and the probabilistic model worked out by IDG RAS. We briefly describe these models and report the results of the analysis of their compliance with radar requirements. Probabilistic models are shown to be most promising; hence, they must be placed at the frontier of ionosphere simulation.
radar means, ionospheric models
1. Aksenov O.Yu., Kozlov S.I., Lyakhov A.N., Trekin V.V., Perunov Yu.M., Yakubovsky S.V. Analyzing existing applied models of the ionosphere for calculating radio wave propagation and possibility of their use for radar systems. I. Classification of applied models and the main requirements imposed on them for radar aids. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2019, vol. 6, iss. 1, pp. 34–45. DOI: 10.12737/stp-61202008.
2. Andriyako V.A., Burlak L.F., Kozlov S.I. Integrated empirical models of height distribution of electron density in the quiet ionosphere at mid-latitudes. Kosmicheskie issledovaniya [Cosmic Res.]. 1978, vol. 16, no. 5, pp. 705–714. (In Russian).
3. Bekker S.Z. Analysis of electron density calculations using deterministic-probabilistic model of the ionospheric D-region. Solar-Terrestrial Physics. 2018, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. 67–75. DOI: 10.12737/stp-43201809.
4. Bekker S.Z., Kozlov S.I., Lyahov A.N. Ionosphere models for calculation of radio wave propagation when solving applied problems. Voprosy oboronnoi tekhniki [Military Enginery]. Ser. 16: Counter-Terrorism Technical Devices. 2013, iss. 3–4, pp. 85–88. (In Russian).
5. Bekker S.Z., Kozlov S.I., Lisova S.S., Lyahov A.N. Statistic model of ionospheric Es region for calculation of radio wave propagation. XX Vserossiiskaya nauchno-prakticheskaya konferentsiya “Aktual'nye problemy zashchity i bezopasnosti”: Trudy. [Proc. XX Russian National Theoretical and Practical Conference “Actual Problems of Protection and Safety”.]. S.-Petersburg, 3–6 April 2017. pp. 119–123. (In Russian).
6. Bilitza D. Electron density in the D region as given by the IRI. IRI-79. WDC-A-STP Report UAG-82. Boulder Colorado, 1981, pp. 7–10.
7. Bilitza D. International Reference Ionosphere 2000. Radio Sci. 2001, vol. 36, iss. 2, pp. 261–275. DOI: 10.1029/ 2000RS002432.
8. Bryunelli B.E., Namgaladze A.A. Fizika ionosfery [Physics of the Ionosphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1988, 528 p. (In Russian).
9. Chasovitin Yu.K., Avdyushin S.I., Armenskaya O.A. Model' global'nogo raspredeleniya kontsentratsii, temperatury i effektivnoi chastoty soudarenii elektronov. GOST 25645.146-89 [The Model of Global Distribution of Electron density, Temperature, and Effective Collision Frequency. State Standard 25645.146-89]. Moscow, Gos. standart SSSR Publ., 1990, 825 p. (In Russian).
10. Chavdarov S.S., Chasovitin Yu.K., Chernysheva S.P., Sheftel V.M. Sredneshirotnyi sporadicheskii sloi E ionosfery [Mid-latitude Sporadic E Layer of the Ionosphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1975, 148 p. (In Russian).
11. Danilov A.D. Khimiya ionosfery [Chemistry of the Ionosphere]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1967, 295 p. (In Russian).
12. Danilov A.D. D region photochemistry. Ionosfernye issledovaniya [Ionospheric Research]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1981, no. 34. pp. 6–33. (In Russian).
13. Danilov A.D., Vlasov M.N. Fotokhimiya ionizirovannykh i vozbuzhdennykh chastits v nizhnei ionosphere [Photochemistry of Ionized and Excited Particles in the Lower Ionosphere]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1973, 190 p. (In Russian).
14. Dashkevich Zh.V., Ivanov V.E., Sergienko T.I., Koze-lov B.V. Physical-chemical model of the auroral ionosphere. Cosmic Res. 2017, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 88–100. DOI: 10.1134/ S0010952517020022.
15. Deminov M.G., Shubin V.N. Empirical model of the location of the main ionospheric trough. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2018, vol. 58, no. 3, pp. 348–355. DOI: 10.1134/ S0016793218030064.
16. Fatkullin M.N. Ionospheric disturbances. Itogi nauki i tekhniki. Geomagnetizm i vysokie sloi atmosfery [Results in Science and Technology. Geomagnetism and High Atmospheric Layers]. Moscow, VINITI Publ., 1978, vol. 4, pp. 6–107. (In Russian).
17. Fatkullin M.N. Physics of the ionosphere. Itogi nauki i tekhniki. Geomagnetizm i vysokie sloi atmosfery [Results in Science and Technology. Geomagnetism and High Atmospheric Layers]. Moscow, VINITI Publ., 1982, vol. 6, 224 p. (In Russian).
18. Fatkullin M.N., Zelenova T.I., Kozlov V.K., Legen’ka A.D., Soboleva T.N. Empiricheskie modeli sredneshirotnoi ionosfery [Empirical Models of the Mid-latitude Ionosphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1981, 256 p. (In Russian).
19. Gershman B.N. Dinamika ionosfernoi plazmy [Ionospheric Plasma Dynamics]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1974, 256 p. (In Russian).
20. Gershman B.N., Ignatiev Yu.A., Kamenetskaya G.Kh. Mekhanizmy obrazovaniya ionosfernogo sporadicheskogo sloya Es na razlichnykh shirotakh [Mechanisms of Ionospheric Sporadic Es Layer Formation at Different Latitudes]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1976, 108 p. (In Russian).
21. Ionosfernye modeli [Ionospheric Models]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1975, 180 p. (In Russian).
22. Ivanov-Kholodnyi G.S., Mikhailov A.V. Prognozirovanie sostoyaniya ionosfery (determinirovannyi podkhod) [Prediction of Ionospheric Conditions (Deterministic Approach)]. Leningrad, Gidrometeoizdat Publ., 1980, 190 p. (In Russian).
23. Ivanov-Kholodnyi G.S., Nikolsky G.M. Solntse i iono-sfera [The Sun and the Ionosphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1969, 455 p. (In Russian).
24. Ivanov-Kholodnyi G.S., Nusinov A.A. Obrazovanie i dinamika dnevnogo i sredneshirotnogo sloya E ionosfery [Formation and Dynamics of Daytime Mid-latitude Ionospheric E Layer]. Trudy IPG. 1979, no. 37, 129 p. (In Russian).
25. Korsunskaya Yu.A. Effect of hard X-ray and gamma radiations on Earth’s ionosphere and other processes in geospheres. Dinamicheskie protsessy v geosferakh [Dynamic Processes in Geospheres]. 2015, no. 7, pp. 122–132. (In Russian).
26. Korsunskaya Yu.A., Strelkov A.S. Photodissociation characteristics of reactions in E and D regions of Earth’s ionosphere. Dinamicheskie protsessy v geosferakh [Dynamic Processes in Geospheres]. 2013, no. 4, pp. 234–244. (In Russian).
27. Koshelev V.V., Klimov N.N., Sutyrin N.A. Aeronomiya mezosfery i nizhnei termosfery [Aeronomy of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1983, 183 p. (In Russian).
28. Kozlov S.I., Bikineev B.F., Novikovich V.M. Statistical model of main parameters of the undisturbed ionosphere for calculation of HF propagation at long paths. IV Mezhvedomstvennyi seminar po modelirovaniyu ionosfery: Tez. dokladov. [The 4th Interdepartmental Workshop on Ionospheric Modeling]. Tomsk, 1978, pp. 38–40. (In Russian).
29. Kozlov S.I., Lyakhov A.N., Bekker S.Z. Key principles of constructing probabilistic statistical ionosphere models for the radio wave propagation problems. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2014, vol. 54, no. 6, pp. 750–762. DOI: 10.1134/ S0016793214060127.
30. Kozlov S.I., Aksenov O.Yu., Bekker S.Z., Lyakhov A.N., Yakim V.V., Yakubovsky S.V. What models should be worked out for radio location systems of centimeter, decimeter and meter wavelength ranges? XIV Ezhegodnaya konferentsiya «Fizika plazmy v Solnechnoi sisteme»: Tez. dokladov [The XIV Annual Conference “Plasma Physics in the Solar System”: Abstracts]. IKI RAS, 11–15 February 2019, p. 127. (In Russian).
31. Krinberg I.A. Kinetika elektronov v ionosfere i plazmosfere Zemli [Electron Kinetics in Earth’s Ionosphere and Plasmasphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1978, 215 p. (In Russian).
32. Krinberg I.A., Tashchilin A.V. Ionosfera i plazmosfera [Ionosphere and Plasmasphere]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1984, 177 p. (In Russian).
33. Krivolutsky A.A., V’yushkova T.Y., Mironova I.A. Changes in the chemical composition in Earth’s polar regions after solar proton flares (3D modeling). Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2017, vol. 57, no. 2, pp. 156–176. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793217020074.
34. Lapshin V.B., Mikhailov A.V., Danilov A.D., Deminov M.G., Karpachev A.T., Shubin V.N., et al. The SIMP model as a new state standard for the ionospheric electron density distribution (State Standard 25645.146). XXV Vserossiiskaya otkrytaya nauchnaya konferentsiya “Rasprostranenie radiovoln”: Trudy. [Proc. the XXV Russian National Open Scientific Conference “Radio Wave Ppropagation”]. Tomsk, July 4–9, 2016. Tomsk, 2016a, vol. 1, pp. 51–57. (In Russian). URL: https://symp.iao.ru/files/symp/rwp/25/Tom1/051-057.pdf (accessed November 30, 2019).
35. Lapshin V.B., Kalinin Yu.K., Alpatov V.V., Repin A.Yu., Shchelkalin A.V. Voprosy statistiki v prikladnoi geofizike [Statistical Matters in Applied Geophysics]. Obninsk, FGBU “VNIIGMI-MCD” Publ., 2016b, 160 p. (In Russian).
36. Mizun Yu.G. Polyarnaya ionosfera [The Auroral Ionosphere]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1980, 202 p. (In Russian).
37. Mizun Yu.G. Nizhnyaya ionosfera polyarnykh shirot [The Lower Ionosphere of Polar Latitudes]. Leningrad, Nauka Publ., 1983, 247 p. (In Russian).
38. Namgaladze A.A. Problems in modeling of ionospheric disturbances. Ionosfernye issledovaniya [Ionospheric Research]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1979, no. 28, pp. 33–36. (In Russian).
39. Pavlov A.V., Pavlova N.M. Dependences of NmE statistical characteristics on the month in a year at middle and low latitudes under daytime geomagnetic conditions at low solar activity. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2016, vol. 56, no. 4, pp. 401–406. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793216040162.
40. Polyakov V.M., Shchepkin L.A., Kazimirovsky E.S., Kokourov V.D. Ionosfernye protsessy [Ionospheric Processes]. Novosibirsk, Nauka Publ., 1968, 535 p. (In Russian).
41. Ponomarchuk S.N., Kotovich G.V., Romanova E.B., Tashchilin A.V. The forecast of characteristics of decameter radio wave propagation on the base of the Global Ionosphere and Plasmasphere Model. Solnechno-zemnaya fizika [Solar-Terr. Phys.]. 2015, vol. 1, iss. 3, pp. 49–54. (In Russian). DOI: 10.12737/10452.
42. Ponomarchuk S.N., Kurkin V.I., Lyakhov A.N., Romanova E.B., Tashchilin A.V. The modeling of HF radio wave propagation characteristics during the periods of solar flares. Proc. SPIE. 2015, vol. 9680, 96805F. DOI: 10.1117/12.2203591.
43. Ponomarchuk S.N., Ilyin N.V., Lyakhov A.N., Penzin M.S., Romanova E.B., Tashchilin A.V. Complex algorithm for calculation of characteristics of HF radio wave propagation on the basis of the Ionosphere and Plasmasphere Model and method of normal waves. Izvestya vyzov. Fizika [Russian Physics Journal]. Thematic issue. 2016, vol. 59, no. 12/2, pp. 71–74. (In Russian).
44. Rytov S.M. Vvedenie v statisticheskuyu radiofiziku [Introduction to Statistical Radio Physics]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1966, 463 p. (In Russian).
45. Sergeenko N.P. Statistical features of the time series of variations in critical frequencies of the F2 layer. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2019, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 441–447. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793219040145.
46. Shefov N.N., Semenov A.I., Khomich V.Yu. Izluchenie verkhnei atmosfery – indikator ee struktury i dinamiki [The Upper Atmosphere Radiation as an Indicator of Its Structure and Dynamics]. Moscow, GEOS Publ., 2006, 741 p. (In Russian).
47. Shubin V.N. Global empirical model of critical frequency of the ionospheric F2-layer for quiet geomagnetic conditions. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2017, vol. 57, no. 4, pp. 414–425. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793217040181.
48. Shubin V.N., Deminov M.G. Global dynamic model of critical frequency of the ionospheric F2 layer. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. 2019, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 429–440. DOI: 10.1134/S0016793219040157.
49. Smirnova N.V., Vlaskov V.A. Atomic oxygen in the disturbed high-latitude D region of the ionosphere. Modelirovanie fizicheskikh processov v polyarnoi ionosphere [Modeling of physical processes in the polar ionosphere]. Apatity, 1979, pp. 82–87. (In Russian).
50. Strelkov A.S. Secondary electron generation in E and D layers of the ionosphere during ionization by solar hard UV and X-ray radiations. Dinamicheskie protsessy v geosferakh [Dynamic Processes in Geospheres]. 2012, no. 3, pp. 130–140. (In Russian).
51. Wang Zheng, Shi Jiankui, Wang Guojun, Wang Xiao, Zherebtsov G.A., Romanova E.B., Ratovsky K.G., Polekh N.M. Diurnal, seasonal, annual and semi-annual variation of ionospheric parameters at different latitudes in East Asian sector during ascending phase of solar activity. Solnechno-zemnaya fizika [Solar-Terr. Phys.]. 2017, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 45–53. DOI: 10.12737/22594.
52. Zevakina R.A., Zhulina E.M., Nosova G.N., Sergeenko N.P. Rukovodstvo po kratkosrochnomu prognozirovaniyu ionosfery [The Manual on Short-Term Prediction of the Ionosphere]. Moscow, MGK AN SSSR Publ., 1990, 71 p. (In Russian).
