employee
Kazan', Kazan, Russian Federation
employee
Kazan', Kazan, Russian Federation
employee
Kazan, Kazan, Russian Federation
employee
Ufa, Ufa, Russian Federation
employee
Kazan', Kazan, Russian Federation
graduate student
Kazan', Kazan, Russian Federation
graduate student
Kazan', Kazan, Russian Federation
Subject. At the present stage, the organization of medical care for patients with precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa is one of the most important tasks of the dental service. This is due to the fact that timely detection and treatment of patients at the early stages of the disease provide a long-term and persistent clinical effect and allows you to achieve satisfactory clinical results. The purpose of the review: the work contains a review of the literature of recent years with a detailed review of measures in the management of medical care for patients with keratosis of the oral mucosa. Methodology. The article deals with current issues about the key points of early detection and treatment of precancerous diseases of the oral mucosa. It is noted that approaches to solving the problems of medical and social care for patients with leukoplakia of the oral mucosa are not only in the field of medicine, but also in the social side of human activity. Attention is paid to the discussion of the use of the screening method for determining diseases of the oral mucosa. The issues of perspective development of issues of improvement of scientifically based and acceptable for dental institutions methods of conducting medical preventive examinations are highlighted. Measures to improve the detection of patients with hyperkeratosis of the oral mucosa, as well as to improve the results of treatment of identified patients, are due to the interaction of various practical health services and should be solved comprehensively from the standpoint of a single systematic approach. The necessity of conducting this study as a criterion for evaluating the system of organization of dental services for patients with keratosis is shown. Results and conclusions. The conducted research review allowed us to identify areas for improving the organization of dental care for patients with hyperkeratosis of the oral mucosa. The study of the results obtained should be taken into account when forming prevention programs, taking into account the implementation of the developed standards and recommendations.
health, dental care, oral mucosa, public health, precancerous diseases
1. Baroyan M.A., Milova E.V., Vinokur A.V., Dudar' E.V. Aktual'nost' vnedreniya programm onkoskrininga v stomatologii. Mezhdunarodnyy zhurnal prikladnyh i fundamental'nyh issledovaniy. 2014;1(8):156. [M.A. Baroyan, E.V. Milova, A.V. Vinokur, E.V. Dudar. Relevance of implementation of cancer screening programs in dentistry. International journal of applied and fundamental research. 2014;1(8):156. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21653818
2. Ahmadova M.A., Soyher M.I., Chuyanova E.Yu. Onkonastorozhennost' v praktike vracha-stomatologa. Medicinskiy alfavit. 2016;9:6-9. [M.A. Amkhadova, M.I. Soykher, E.Yu. Chuyanova. Concern over oncology in practice of dentist. Medical Alphabet. 2016;9:6-9. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26738839
3. Baramidze T.N., Hvedelidze E.Sh. Leykoplakiya slizistyh obolochek polosti rta kak predrakovaya bolezn' i puti predotvrascheniya ee malignizacii. Sbornik statey po materialam XXV mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii. Sovremennaya medicina: novye podhody i aktual'nye issledovaniya. Moskva. 2019:41-47. [T.N. Baramidze, E.Sh. Khvedelidze. Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa as a precancerous disease and ways to prevent its malignancy. Collection of articles based on the materials of the XXV International Scientific and Practical Conference. Modern medicine: new approaches and current research. Moscow. 2019:41-47. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39170699
4. Berezin V.A., Ismagilov O.R., Starceva E.Yu. Analiz stomatologicheskogo statusa u rabotnikov promyshlenno-proizvodstvennyh predpriyatiy (obzor literatury). Ural'skiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2017;9(153):75-81. [V.A. Berezin, O.R. Ismagilov, E.Y. Startseva. Analysis of dental status in workers of industrial production enterprises (literature review). Ural Medical Journal. 2017;9(153):75-81. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30546345
5. Berezin V.A., Shulaev A.V., Starceva E.Yu., Berezin K.A. Sociologicheskiy monitoring kachestva stomatologicheskogo obsluzhivaniya rabotnikov v usloviyah zakrytogo promyshlennogo predpriyatiya. Problemy stomatologii. 2019;3(15):12-18. [V.A. Berezin, A.V. Shulaev, E.Yu. Statseva, K.A. Berezin. Sociological monitoring of the quality of dental care for employees in a closed industrial enterprise. Actual problems in dentistry. 2019;3(15):12-18. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2019-15-3
6. Berezin V.A., Shulaev A.V., Galeev A.K. Vliyanie proizvodstvennyh faktorov na pokazateli stomatologicheskoy zabolevaemosti. Ural'skiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2017;9(153):102-106. [V.A. Berezin, V.A. Shulaev, A.K. Galeev. The impact of production factors on dental morbidity (review of literature). Ural Medical Journal. 2017;9(153):102-106. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=30546346
7. Berezin K.A., Starceva E.Yu. Vybor i obosnovanie vozmozhnostey ispol'zovaniya immunogistohimicheskogo metoda issledovaniy v diagnostike rannih proyavleniy keratoticheskih processov slizistoy obolochki rta. Ural'skiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2019;1(169):30-33. [K.A. Berezin, E.Yu. Startseva. Selection and justification of possibilities of use of the method of immunohistochemical studies in the diagnosis of early manifestations ceratotheca processes of the oral mucosa (literature review). Ural Medical Journal. 2019;1(169):30-33. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39538815
8. Berezin K.A., Shulaev A.V., Berezin V.A. Sovershenstvovanie opticheskih metodov diagnostiki patologicheskih sostoyaniy slizistoy obolochki rta (obzor literatury). Ural'skiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2019;1(169):34-37. [K.A. Berezin, A.V. Shulaev, V.A. Berezin. The improvement of optical methods of diagnostics of pathological conditions of the oral mucosa (literature review). Ural Medical Journal. 2019;1(169):34-37. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39538817
9. Bulgakova N.N., Volkov E.A., Pozdnyakova T.I. Autofluorescentnaya stomatoskopiya kak metod onkoskrininga zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki rta. Rossiyskiy stomatologicheskiy zhurnal. 2015;1(19):27-30. [N.N. Bulgakova, E.A. Volkov, T.I. Pozdnyakova. Autofluorescent somatoscope as a method of oncoscience diseases of the oral mucosa. Russian journal of dentistry. 2015;1(19):27-30. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=23175798
10. Kriheli N.I., Pozdnyakova T.I., Markova G.B., Markov B.P., Kudina M.O. Vybor skriningovogo metoda obsledovaniya pri diagnostike predrakovyh i rakovyh zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki rta. Rossiyskaya stomatologiya. 2019;12(2):47-49. [N.I. Krikheli, T.I. Pozdnyakova, G.B. Markova, B.P. Markov, M.O. Kudina. The choice of screening method of examination in the diagnosis of precancerous and cancerous diseases of the oral mucosa. Russian dentistry. 2019;12(2):47-49. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=41239101
11. Gazhva S.I., Grehov A.V., Goryacheva T.P., Senina-Volzhskaya I.V. Problema ranney diagnostiki onkopatologii slizistoy obolochki rta (social'nye aspekty). Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015;3:107. [S.I. Gazhva, A.V. Grekhov, T.P. Goryacheva, I.V. Seninavolzhskaya. Problem of early diagnosis of oral oncopathology (social aspects). Modern problems of science and education. 2015;3:107. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=23703535
12. Gileva O.S., Libik T.V., Pozdnyakova A.A., Satyukova L.Ya. Predrakovye zabolevaniya v strukture patologii slizistoy obolochki polosti rta. Problemy stomatologii. 2013;2:3-9. [O.S. Gileva, T.V. Libik, A.A. Pozdnyakova, L.Y. Satyukova. Precancerous lesions in structure of oral mucosa diseases (according to medical advisory data). Actual problems in dentistry. 2013;2:3-9. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18976565
13. Zykova E.A. Onkologicheskaya nastorozhennost' pri zabolevaniyah slizistoy obolochki polosti rta. Zdravoohranenie Yugry: opyt i innovacii. 2016;3(8):49-55. [E.A. Zykova. Oncological alertness in diseases of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Ugra healthcare: experience and innovations. 2016;3(8):49-55. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=26726910
14. Kabirova M.F., Usmanova I.N. Programma lecheniya i profilaktiki stomatologicheskih zabolevaniy u rabochih neftehimicheskogo proizvodstva. Vestnik rossiyskogo universiteta druzhby narodov. 2009;4:484-486. [M.F. Kabirova, I.N. Usmanova. The programme for treatment and prevention of dental diseases in petrochemical workers. Rudn journal of medicine. 2009;4:484-486. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=12974188
15. Kazarina L.N., Belozerov A.E., Pursanova A.E. Kompleksnyy podhod k profilaktike i lecheniyu leykoplakii slizistoy obolochki rta. Dental Forum. 2020;1:52-54. [L.N. Kazarina, A.E. Belozerov, A.E. Pursanova. An integrated approach to the prevention and treatment of leukoplakia of the oral mucosa. Dental Forum. 2020;1:52-54. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42194445
16. Kolenko Yu.G. Nekotorye voprosy organizacii diagnostiki predrakovyh zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki polosti rta. Sovremennaya stomatologiya. 2015;4:56. [Yu.G. Kolenko. Some aspects of the diagnosis premalignant diseases of the oral mucosa. Modern dentistry. 2015;4:56. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25484993
17. Kolenko Yu.G. Ocenka effektivnosti mikroyadernogo testa v kletkah bukkal'nogo epiteliya dlya ranney diagnostiki leykoplakii slizistoy obolochki polosti rta. Vestnik problem biologii i mediciny. 2015;2(4):353-358. [Yu.G. Kolenko. Evaluation of effectiveness of micronucleus test in buccal cells for early diag-nosis of oral leukoplakia. Bulletin of Problems of Biology and Medicine. 2015;2(4):353-358. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=35530315
18. Ksembaev S.S. Predrak slizistoy obolochki rta, krasnoy kaymy gub i kozhi lica. 3-e izd., pererab. i dop. Kazan': Medicina. 2017:146. [S.S. Kembaev. Precancer of the oral mucosa, the vermilion border and skin. 3rd ed., reprint. and additional. Kazan: Medicine. 2017:146. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=32073532
19. Lebedev S.N. Aktual'nye problemy onkostomatologii Rossii i puti ih resheniya. Tverskoy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2017;4:14-20. [S.N. Lebedev. Actual problems of oncologically Russia and ways of their solution. Tver Medical Journal. 2017;4:14-20. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=29419104
20. Skorodumova L.O., Muraev A.A., Volodina E.V., Ivanov S.Yu., Gnuchev N.V., Georgiev G.P., Larin S.S. Leykoplakiya slizistoy obolochki polosti rta: klassifikaciya, gistopatologiya, metody diagnostiki i lecheniya. Voprosy onkologii. 2013;59(5):548-554. [A.A. Muraev, E.V. Volodina, S.Yu. Ivanov, N.V. Gnuchev, G.P. Georgiev, S.S. Larin. Leukoplakia of the oral mucosa: classification, histopathology, diagnosis and treatment. Problems in oncology. 2013;59(5):548-554. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=20354086
21. Leykoplakiya. Klinicheskie rekomendacii (protokoly lecheniya). Moskva. 2013. [Leukoplakia. Clinical recommendations (treatment protocols). Moscow. 2013. (In Russ.)].
22. Luckaya I.K. Latysheva S.V. Rannyaya diagnostika zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki polosti rta na stomatologicheskom prieme. Medicinskie novosti. 2018;8:40-44. [I.K. Lutskaya, S.V. Latysheva. Early diagnosis of diseases of the mucous membrane of an oral cavity on dental reception. Medical news. 2018;8:40-44. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=35605409
23. Maksimovskaya L.N., Abramova M.Ya., Erk A.A. Realizaciya nacional'noy programmy onkoskrininga predrakovyh i onkologicheskih zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki rta u naseleniya Rossiyskoy Federacii. Stomatologiya. 2019;98(4):44-47. [L.N. Maksimovskaya, M.Ya. Abramova, A.A. Erk. Implementation of the national program of cancer screening of oral precancerous and oncological diseases in the russian federation. Stomatologiya. 2019;98(4):44-47. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39548514
24. Mihal'chenko V.F., Mihal'chenko A.V., Bodenkova A.A. Analiz zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki polosti rta v Volgogradskoy oblasti. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2016;2:40. [V.F. Mikhalchenko, A.V. Mikhalchenko, A.A. Bodenkova. Analysis diseases of the oral mucosa in the volgograd region. Modern problems of science and education. 2016;2:40. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25869745
25. Muhanov A.A. Profilaktika zlokachestvennyh novoobrazovaniy slizistoy obolochki polosti rta. Nauchnyy elektronnyy zhurnal Meridian. 2020;2(36):153-155. [A.A. Mukhanov. Prevention of malignant tumors of the mucous membrane of the oral cavity. Scientific electronic journal meridian. 2020;2:153-155. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25869745
26. Nurieva N.S., Guz' A.O., Zaharov A.S., Garaev A.V. Obzor sovremennogo sostoyaniya problemy pervichnoy vyyavlyaemosti zlokachestvennyh novoobrazovaniy organov polosti rta. Problemy stomatologii. 2019;2(15):50-55. [N.S. Nurieva, A.Yu. Guz, A.S. Zakharov, A.V. Garaev. Review of the current state of the problem of primary detection of malignant tumors of the cavity. Actual problems in dentistry 2019;2(15):50-55. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=39165962
27. Kryazhinova I.A., Olesov E.E., Sadovskiy V.V. i dr. Onkologicheskaya nastorozhennost' vrachey-stomatologov po dannym anketirovaniya v Moskovskoy oblasti. Medicina ekstremal'nyh situaciy. 2019;2(21):226-232. [I.A. Kryazhinova, E.E. Olesov, V.V. Sadovsky, A.F. Stepanov, A.A. Popov. Oncological alertness of dentists according to the survey in the moscow region. Medicine of extreme situations. 2019;2(21):226-232. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38180677
28. Rabinovich O.F., Babichenko I.I., Rabinovich I.M. i dr. Optimizaciya diagnostiki razlichnyh form leykoplakii. Stomatologiya. 2012;4(91):20-21. [O.F. Rabinovich, I.I. Babichenko, I.M. Rabinovich, A.D. Ostrovskiĭ, A.A. Togonidze. Improving diagnostics of leukoplakia. Stomatologiya. 2012;4(91):20-21. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18022670
29. Gerasimova L.P., Chemikosova T.S., Vil'danov M.N. i dr. Osobennosti diagnostiki keratozov slizistoy obolochki rta v poliklinicheskih usloviyah. Prakticheskaya medicina. 2013;4:42-43. [L.P. Gerasimova, T.S. Chemikosova, M.N. Vildanov, M.F. Kabirova, A.A. Golub. Diagnostic features of keratosis of mouth mucos membrane in polyclinic conditions. Practical medicine. 2013;4:42-43. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=20377838
30. Pozdnyakova T.I., Smirnova Yu.A. Skriningovye metody diagnostiki onkologicheskih zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki rta. Dental Forum. 2013;1:34-37. [T.I. Pozdnyakova, Yu.A. Smirnova. Screening methods in diagnosis of the oral mucosa cancer. Dental Forum. 2013;1:34-37. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=18419019
31. Maksimovskaya L.N., Erk A.A., Bulgakova N.N., Zubov B.V. Primenenie autofluorescentnoy stomatoskopii dlya onkoskrininga zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki polosti rta. Stomatologiya dlya vseh. 2016;4:34-37. [L.N. Maximovskaya, A.A. Erk, N.N. Bulgakova, B.V. Zubov. Autofluorescence stomatoscopyas the method of oncological screening of oral mucosa. Dentistry for all. 2016;4:34-37. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=28969256
32. Davydov A.B., Lebedev S.N., Rumyanceva I.K., Nazarov V.I. Profilaktika i rannyaya diagnostika - prioritetnye napravleniya v onkostomatologii Tverskogo regiona. Verhnevolzhskiy medicinskiy zhurnal. 2015;1(13):11-16. [A.B. Davydov, S.N. Lebedev, I.K. Rumyantseva, V.I. Nazarov. Prophylaxis and early diagnosis as the priority trends of oral oncology in Tver region. Verkhnevolzhsky medical journal. 2015;1(13):11-16]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=34065774
33. Kryazhinova I.A., Ismaylova V.I., Kalinina A.N., Lashko I.S. Rezul'taty anketirovaniya vrachey stomatologov po problemam onkologicheskoy nastorozhennosti. Rossiyskiy stomatologicheskiy zhurnal. 2018;6(22):301-304. [I.A. Kryazhinova, V.I. Ismailova, A.N. Kalinin, I.S. Lasko. Results of a survey of dentists on the problems of oncological alertness. Results of a survey of dentists on the problems of oncological alertness. Russian journal of dentistry. 2018;6(22):301-304. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=38512280
34. Seliverstova E.A., Vagner V.D., Smirnova L.E. Standart stomatologicheskoy pomoschi pri leykoplakii — kak garantiya ee kachestva. Institut stomatologii. 2014;3:20-22. [E.A. Seliverstova, V.D. Wagner, L.E. Smirnova. The standard as a quality assurance of the stomatologic help at a leykoplakiya. The dental institute. 2014;3:20-22. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22988371
35. Kryazhinova I.A., Sadovskiy V.V., Olesov E.E., i dr. Skriningovoe anketirovanie na stomatologicheskom prieme dlya vyyavleniya riska razvitiya onkologicheskoy patologii (na primere Moskovskoy oblasti). Rossiyskiy stomatologicheskiy zhurnal. 2020;24(1):51-54. [I.A. Kryazhinova, V.V. Sadovsky, E.E. Olesov et al. Dental screening questionnaire for identification of the risk of oncological pathology development (on the example of the Moscow region). Russian Journal of Dentistry. 2020;24(1):51-54. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.18821/1728-2802-2020-24-1-51-54
36. Usmanova I.N., Gerasimova L.P., Kabirova M.F., Husnarizanova R.F., Usmanov I.R., Minyakina G.F. Patent na izobretenie RF №2544173, C1. Sposob differencial'noy diagnostiki keratoticheskih processov slizistoy obolochki rta, otnosyaschihsya k "belym proyavleniyam". 2015:25. [I.N. Usmanova, L.P. Gerasimova, M.F. Kabirova, R.F. Khusnarizanova, I.R. Usmanov, G.F. Minjakina. Invention patent RU №2544173, C1. Differential diagnostic technique for keratolytic processes of oral mucosa classified among white manifestations. 2015:25. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=37427221
37. Sulimov A.F., Demyanchuk A.B. Skrining atipichnyh porazheniy slizistoy obolochki rta. Stomatologiya. 2015;5:79-81. [A.F. Sulimov, A.B. Demyanchuk. Screening of the atypical oral mucosa lesions. Dentistry. 2015;5:79-81. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.17116stomat201594579-81
38. Rabinovich O.F., Rabinovich I.M., Semkin V.A., Umarova K.V. Chastota vyyavleniya onkologicheskoy patologii v strukture zabolevaniy slizistoy obolochki rta. Klinicheskaya stomatologiya. 2020;3(95):32-35. [O.F. Rabinovich, I.M. Rabinovich, V.A. Syomkin, K.V. Umarova. Frequency of oncological pathology detection in the structure of the oral mucosa diseases. Clinical dentistry. 2020;3(95):32-35. (In Russ.)]. https://doi.org/10.37988/1811-153X_2020_3_32
39. Shulaev A.V. Modelirovanie upravleniya zdravoohraneniem regional'nogo megapolisa na osnove kriteriev ocenki deyatel'nosti medicinskih organizaciy v usloviyah realizacii celevyh programm. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2014;2:376. [A.V. Shulaev. Simulation of regional health megapolice based criteria evaluation of medical institutions in the implementation of targeted programs. Modern problems of science and education. 2014;2:376. (In Russ.)]. https://elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=21471373
40. Wang X., Yang J., Wei C. et al. A personalized computational model predicts cancer risk level of oral potentially malignant disorders and its web application for promotion of non-invasive screening // J. Oral. Pathol. Med. – 2020;5(49):417-426. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12983.Epub 2020 Jan 4
41. Biswas M.J., Koparkar A.R., Joshi M.P. et al. A study of morbidity pattern among iron and steel workers from an industry in central India // Indian. J. Occup. Environ. Med. – 2014;3(18):122-128. https://doi.org/10.4103/0019-5278.146909
42. Yamamoto T., Fuchida S., Aida J. et al. Tohoku.Adult oral health programs in Japanese municipalities: factors associated with self-rated effectiveness // J. Exp. Med. – 2015;4(237):259-266. https://doi.org/10.1620/tjem. 237. 259
43. Da Silva Pereira N., Pinheiro T.N. Histomorphometric comparative analysis between oral dysplastic potentially malignant disorders and oral squamous cell carcinoma // Eur J Dent. – 2019;13(1):1-4. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1688734
44. Morikawa T., Kozakai A., Kosugi A. et al. Image processing analysis of oral cancer, oral potentially malignant disorders, and other oraldiseases using optical instruments // Int. J. Oral. Maxillofac. Surg. – 2019;49:515-521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijom.2019.08.016
45. Souto G.R., Matias M.D.P., Nunes L.F.M. et al. Mature dendritic cell density is affected by smoking habit, lesion size, and epithelial dysplasia in oral leukoplakia samples. // Arch. Oral. Biol. – 2018;95:51-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.07.008
46. Pivovar A., Gonçalves Z.F.D. Santos Dos, Torres-Pereira C.C. Oral cancer screening for high-risk individuals in the primary healthcare setting using an active approach // J. Oral. Pathol. Med. – 2017;9(46):786-791. https://doi.org/10.1111/jop.12552
47. Villa A., Sonis S. Oral leukoplakia remains a challenging condition // Oral. Dis. – 2018;1-2(24):179-183. https://doi.org/10.1111/odi.12781
48. Van der Waal I. Oral leukoplakia, the ongoing discussion on definition and terminology // Medicina Oral Patología Oral y Cirugia Bucal. – 2015;6(20):685-692. https://doi.org/10.4317/medoral.21007
49. Porter S.R., Mercadante V., Fedele S. Oral manifestations of systemic disease // Br. Dent. J. – 2017;9(223):683-691. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.bdj.2017.884
50. Mortazavi H., Safi Y., Baharvand M. et al. Oral white lesions: an updated clinical diagnostic decision tree // Dent. J. (Basel). – 2019;7:15. https://doi.org/10.3390/dj7010015
51. Chuang S.L., Su W.W., Chen S.L. et al. Population-based screening program for reducing oral cancer mortality in 2,334,299 Taiwanese cigarette smokers and/or betel quid chewers // Cancer. – 2017;9(123):1597-1609. https://doi.org/10.1002/cncr.30517
52. George B., Sebastian S.T., Soman R.R. et al. Prevalence of precancerous lesions in an adult population // Indian. J. Dent. Res. – 2019;4(30):500-505. https://www.ijdr.in/text.asp?2019/30/4/500/271049
53. Fadeeva S.A., Sitdikova I.D., Mingazova E.N., Lopushov D.V., Berezin K.A., Ivanova M.K. Risk assessment as a criterion of environmental stress // Indo American journal of Pharmaceutical sciences. – 2018;05(09):9323-9327. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1439332
54. Singh A., Purohit B.M., Masih N., Kahndelwal P.K. Risk factors for oral diseases among workers with and without dental insurance in a national social security scheme in India // Int. Dent. J. – 2014;2(64):89-95. https://doi.org/10.1111/idj.12067
55. Singh S., Gupta V., Vij R., Aggarwal R., Sharma B., Nagpal M. Evaluation of mast cells in oral premalignant and malignant lesions: A histochemical study // Natl J Maxillofac Surg. – 2018;9(2):184-190. https://doi.org/0.4103/njms. NJMS_49_17
56. Gandara-Vila P., Perez-Sayans M., Suarez-Penaranda J.M. et al. Survival study of leukoplakia malignant transformation in a region of northern Spain // Med. Oral. Patol. Oral. Cir. Bucal. – 2018;4(23):413-420. https://doi.org/10.4317 / medoral.22326