employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
employee
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Ekaterinburg, Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
Subject. The role of vitamin D in maintaining oral health. Objectives. To review literature on the role of vitamin D in maintaining oral health. Methodology. This literature review is based on analysis of published research reports on effects of vitamin D on oral health. Using key words, research studies published in the past five years with the most comprehensive explanations of the role of vitamin D and its metabolites in the body are selected on such e-resources as PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Elibrary, Cyberleninka. The data on secosteroid epidemiology, synthesis, metabolism, physiological effects, local effects on immune function and specific symptoms in various somatic disorders are systemized. Conclusion. Epidemiological and genetic studies confirm biological effects of vitamin D active metabolites involved in synthesis of proteins required to form oral mucosal stability and prevent pathogen penetration into subjacent tissues. The most significant is involvement of vitamin D in synthesis of antibacterial monocyte and macrophage-directed peptides ensuring reduction of risks of alveolar resorption and subsequent tooth loss. Modern concepts in this secosteroid refer to the new evidence showing availability of vitamin D activating ferment in tissues which supports intracellular or paracrine function of vitamin D out of the skeleton. The personified approach for vitamin D application as a therapeutic drug for treatment of periodontium inflammations and oral mucosa with preliminary testing of levels in blood serum will allow to develop effective approaches to maintaining people’s oral health.
vitamin D level, periodontal disease, oral health, vitamin D deficiency, vitamin D insufficiency
1. Antonova I.N., Grigor'yanc A.P., Nikitin V.S., Grigor'yanc A.A. Vliyanie deficita vitamina D. Medicinskiy sovet. 2019;2:166-171. [I.N. Antonova, A.P. Grigorjanz, V.S. Nikitin, A.A. Grigorjanz. Effects of vitamin D deficiency. Medical Board. 2019;2:166-171. (In Russ.)].
2. Dreval' A.V., Kryukova I.V., Barsukov I.A. Tevosyan L.H. Vnekostnye effekty vitamina D (obzor literatury). RMZh. 2017;1:53-59. [A.V. Dreval, I.V. Krukova, I.A. Barsukov, L.Kh. Tevosjan. Ectostical effects of vitamin D (literature review). RMZ. 2017;1:53-59. (In Russ.)].
3. Karaseva V.V., Elovikova T.M., Koscheev A.S. Ocenka stomatologicheskogo statusa, kontrolya individual'noy gigieny i kachestva zhizni pacientov s defektami chelyustey v sochetanii s medikamentozno-associirovannym osteonekrozom. Stomatologiya. 2020;99;5:80-86. [V.V. Karaseva, T.M. Elovikova, A.S. Koshcheev. Assessment of dental status, control of personal hygiene and quality of life in patients with jaw defects in combination with drug-associated osteonecrosis. Dentistry. 2020;99;5:80-86. (In Russ.)].
4. Elovikova T.M., Grigor'ev S.S. Slyuna kak biologicheskaya zhidkost' i ee rol' v zdorov'e polosti rta. Ekaterinburg. 2018:132. [T.M.Elovikova, S.S. Grigorjev. Saliva as a biological fluid and its role in oral health. Ekaterinburg. 2018:132. (In Russ.)].
5. Elovikova T.M., Grigor'ev S.S., Sablina S.N., Sorokoumova D.V., Epishova A.A., Koscheev A.S., Chagay A.A. Professional'no orientirovannyy podhod lichnostnogo razvitiya studentov-stomatologov na klinicheskoy kafedre: kachestvo vypolneniya professional'noy gigieny polosti rta. Problemy stomatologii. 2019;4:5-11. [T.M.Elovikova, S.S. Grigorjev, S.N. Sablina, D.V. Sorokoumova, A.A.Epishova, A.S. Koscheev, A.A. Chagay. Professionally-oriented approach to personal development of dental students of the clinical department: quality of professional oral hygiene. Actual problems in dentistry. 2019;4:5-11. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=42364575
6. Kas'yanova A.N., Dolbnya S.V., Kur'yaninova V.A. Vitamin D i ego biologicheskaya rol' v organizme. Vestnik molodogo uchenogo. 2016;1:6-13. [A.N. Kasjanova, S.V. Dolbnja, V.A. Kurjaninova. Vitamin D and its biological role in the body. Young Scientist Journal. 2016;1:6-13. (In Russ.)].
7. Lucenko A.S., Rozhinskaya L.Ya., Toropcova N.V., Belaya Zh.E. Rol' i mesto preparatov kal'ciya i vitamina D dlya profilaktiki i lecheniya osteoporoza. Profilakticheskaya deyatel'nost' i ee zakonodatel'noe i normativnoe pravovoe obespechenie. Osteoporoz i osteopatii. 2017;2(20):69-75. [A.S. Lutsenko, L.Ya. Rozhinskaya, N.V. Toroptsova, Zh.E. Belaya. Role and application of calcium and vitamin D medications for osteoporosis prophylaxis and treatment. Osteoporosis and Osteopathy. 2017;2(20):69-75. (In Russ.)].
8. Mal'cev S.V., Rylova N.V. Vitamin D i immunitet. Prakticheskaya medicina. 2015;1:114-121. [S.V. Maltsev, N.V. Rylova. Vitamin D and immunity. Practical Medicine. 2015;1:114-121. (In Russ.)].
9. Mokrova E.A., Firsova I.V., Zavodskiy B.V. Ocenka effektivnosti lecheniya pacientov s hronicheskim parodontitom na fone nedostatochnosti vitamina D. Volgogradskiy nauchno-medicinskiy zhurnal. 2015;3:43-48. [E.A.Mokrova, I.V. Firsova, B.V. B.V. Zavodsky. Analysis of treatment effectiveness for patients with chronic periodontitis on the background of vitamin D insufficiency. Volgograd Medical Scientific Research Journal. 2015;3:43-48. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=25001881
10. Mokrova E.A. D-vitaminnaya nedostatochnost' i ee vliyanie na sostoyanie parodonta. Simvol nauki. 2016;4:107-115. [E.A.Mokrova. Vitamin D insufficiency and its impacts on periodontium conditions. Science Symbol. 2016;4:107-115. (In Russ.)].
11. Naumov A.V. Gormon D3 kak vitamin dlya komorbidnyh sostoyaniy: komu, kogda i kak? Trudnyy pacient. 2018;3:20-27. [A.V. Naumov. D3 hormone as vitamin for comorbid conditions: to who, when and how? Difficult Patient. 2018;3:20-27. (In Russ.)].
12. Nogovicina A.A., Lashmanova E.P., Sablina S.N., Elovikova T.M., Grigor'ev S.S., Dorohina K.R. Deficit vitamina D u molodyh lyudey kak odin iz faktorov, privodyaschih k zabolevaniyam razlichnyh sistem organizma. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya. Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, posvyaschennoy 75-letiyu Pobedy v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne, 90-letiyu UGMU i 100-letiyu medicinskogo obrazovaniya na Urale. Ekaterinburg: UGMU. 2020;3:1121. [A.A. Nogovitsina, E.P.Lashmanova, S.N. Sablina, T.M. Elovikova, S.S. Grigorjev, K.R. Dorokhina. Vitamin D deficiency in young adults as one of the factors leading to disorders of various body systems. Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Materials of V International Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students devoted to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, 90th anniversary of Ural State Medical University and 100th anniversary of medical education in the Urals. Ekaterinburg, USMU. 2020;3:1121. (In Russ.)].
13. Ostrovskaya L.Yu., Zaharova N.B., Budyleva A.P., Bulkina N.V. Znachenie lokal'nogo deystviya vitamina D na immunnuyu sistemu parodonta (obzor). Stomatologiya. 2019;1:41-47. [L.Y. Ostrovskaya, N.B. Zakharova, A.P. Budyleva, N.V. Bulkina. Significance of local effects of vitamin D on periodontium immune system (review). Dentistry. 2019;1:41-47. (In Russ.)].
14. Pestrikova T.Yu., Yachinskaya T.V. Sovremennyy vzglyad na etiologiyu, patogenez, diagnostiku, profilaktiku i lechenie deficita vitamina D u zhenschin v postmenopauze (obzor literatury). Ginekologiya. 2016;1:19-23. [T.Y.Pestrikova, T.V. Yachinskaya. Modern view on etiology, pathogenesis, prophylaxis and treatment of vitamin D deficiency for postmenopausal women (literature review). Gynecology. 2016;1:19-23. (In Russ.)].
15. Pigarova E.A., Plescheva A.V., Dzeranova L.K. Vliyanie vitamina D na immunnuyu sistemu. Immunologiya. 2015;1:62-68. [E.A. Pigarova, A.V. Plescheva, L.K. Dzeranova. Vitamin D impacts on the immune system. Immunology. 2015;1:62-68. (In Russ.)].
16. Prihodkin A.S., Karaseva V.V., Elovikova T.M. Ocenka kachestva zhizni onkologicheskih chelyustno-licevyh bol'nyh na etape ortopedicheskoy reabilitacii. Aktual'nye voprosy sovremennoy medicinskoy nauki i zdravoohraneniya. Materialy V Mezhdunarodnoy nauchno-prakticheskoy konferencii molodyh uchenyh i studentov, posvyaschennoy 75-letiyu Pobedy v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne, 90-letiyu UGMU i 100-letiyu medicinskogo obrazovaniya na Urale. 2020:2862-20890. [A.S. Prikhodkin, V.V. Karaseva, T.M.Elovikova. Actual issues of modern medical science and healthcare. Materials of V International Applied Science Conference of young scientists and students devoted to the 75th anniversary of Victory in the Great Patriotic War, 90th anniversary of Ural State Medical University and 100th anniversary of medical education in the Urals. 2020:2862-20890. (In Russ.)].
17. Semenova N.V. Okislitel'nyy stress i menopauza (obzor literatury). Byulleten' VSNCSO RAMN. 2014;2:120-125. [N.V. Semenova. Oxidative stress and menopause (literature review). Bulletin VSNTSSO RAMS. 2014;2:120-125. (In Russ.)].
18. Snopov S.A. Mehanizm deystviya vitamina D na immunnuyu sistemu. Medicinskaya immunologiya. 2014;6:499-530. [S.A. Snopov. Vitamin D mechanisms on immune system. Medical Immunology. 2014;6:499-530. (In Russ.)]. https://www.elibrary.ru/item.asp?id=22673580
19. Solyanova N.A., Senchukova O.V., Kurilo I.N. Posledstviya deficita vitamina D u lyudey starshih vozrastov. Sovremennye problemy nauki i obrazovaniya. 2015;4:12-17. [N.A. Solyanova, O.V. Senchukova, I.N. Kurilo. Consequences of vitamin D deficiency for older adults. Modern Problems of Science and Education. 2015;4:12-17. (In Ruiss.)].
20. Frolova D.E., Gromova O.A., Torshin I.Yu., Lapochkina I.V. Vliyanie metabolitov vitamina D na razvitie raka molochnoy zhelezy. Issledovaniya i praktika v medicine. 2018;5:51-58. [D.E. Frolova, O.A. Gromova, I.Y. Torshin, I.V. Lapochkina. Impacts of vitamin D metabolites on breast cancer development. Medical Research and Practice. 2018;5:51-58. (In Russ.)].
21. Cepov L.M., Cepov E.L., Cepov A.L. Sochetannaya patologiya: vospalitel'nye zabolevaniya parodonta, osteoporoz, deficit vitamina D (obzor literatury). Parodontologiya. 2016;4:5-9. [L.M.Tsepov, E.L. Tsepov, A.L. Tsepov. Combined pathology: periodontium inflammations, osteoporosis, vitamin D deficiency (literature review). Periodontology. 2016;4:5-9. (In Russ.)].
22. Shupina M.I., Nechaeva G.I., Loginova E.N., Shupin D.V. Al'facidol v lechenii osteoporoza: vliyanie na prochnost' kostnoy tkani, risk padeniy i perelomov. Lechaschiy vrach. 2016;4:31-34. [M.I. Shupina, G.I. Nechaeva, E.N. Loginova, D.V. Shupin. Alfacidol for osteoporosis treatment: effects on bone tissue strength, risks of falls and fractures. Clinician. 2016;4:31-34. (In Russ.)].
23. Aguiar M., Andronis L., Pallan M., Högler W., Frew E. The economic case for prevention of population vitamin D deficiency: A modelling study using data from England and Wales // Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. – 2019;74:825-833. doi: 10.1038/s41430-019-0486-x.
24. Anand A., Singh S., Sonkar A.A., Husain N., Singh K.R., Singh S., Kushwaha J.K. Expression of Vitamin D receptor and Vitamin D status in patients with oral neoplasms and effect of Vitamin D supplementation on quality of life in advanced cancer treatment // Wspolczesna Onkol. – 2017;21:145-151. doi: 10.5114/wo.2017.68623.
25. Alshouibi E.N., Kaye E.K., Cabral H.J., Leone C.W., Garcia R.I. Vitamin D and periodontal health in older men // J. Dent. Res. – 2013;92:689-693. doi: 10.1177/0022034513495239.
26. Alonso M.A., Mantecón L., Santos F. Vitamin D deficiency in children: A challenging diagnosis! // Pediatr. Res. – 2019;85:596-601. doi: 10.1038/s41390-019-0289-8.
27. Antonoglou G.N., Knuuttila M., Niemelä O., Raunio T., Karttunen R., Vainio O., Hedberg P., Ylöstalo P., Tervonen T.Low serum level of 1,25(OH)2D is associated with chronic periodontitis // J. Periodontal Res. – 2015;50:274-280. doi: 10.1111/jre.12207.
28. Bashutski J.D., Eber R.M., Kinney J.S., Benavides E., Maitra S., Braun T.M., Giannobile W.V., McCauley L.K. The impact of vitamin D status on periodontal surgery outcomes // J. Dent. Res. – 2011;90:1007-1012. doi: 10.1177/0022034511407771.
29. Wan Q.S., Li L., Yang S.K., Liu Z.L., Song N. Role of Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphisms on the susceptibility to periodontitis: A meta-analysis of a controversial issue // Genet. Test. Mol. Biomark. – 2019;23:618-633. doi: 10.1089/gtmb.2019.0021.
30. Bedogni A., Bettini G., Bedogni G., Basso D., Gatti D., Valisena S., Brunello A., Sorio M., Berno T., Giannini S., et al. Is vitamin D deficiency a risk factor for osteonecrosis of the jaw in patients with cancer? A matched case–control study // J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg. – 2019;47:1203-1208. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2019.03.007.
31. Bi C.S., Wang J., Qu H.L., Li X., Tian B.M., Ge S., Chen F.M. Calcitriol suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced alveolar bone damage in rats by regulating T helper cell subset polarization // J. Periodontal Res. – 2019;54:612-623. doi: 10.1111/jre.12661.
32. Almoammar K. Vitamin D and orthodontics: a systematic review // Clin.Cosmet. Investig. – 2018;10:165-170. doi: 10.2147/CCIDE.S157840.
33. Botelho J., Machado V., Proença L., Alves R., Cavacas M.A., Amaro L., Mendes J.J. Study of Periodontal Health in Almada-Seixal (SoPHiAS): A cross-sectional study in the Lisbon Metropolitan Area // Sci. Rep. – 2019;9:65-71. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52116-6.
34. Buset S.L., Walter C., Friedmann A., Weiger R., Borgnakke W.S., Zitzmann N.U. Are periodontal diseases really silent? A systematic review of their effect on quality of life // J. Clin. Periodontol. – 2016;43:333-344. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12517.
35. Botelho J., Machado V., Mascarenhas P., Rua J., Alves R., Cavacas M.A., Delgado A., João Mendes J. Stress, salivary cortisol and periodontitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies // Arch. Oral Biol. – 2018;96:58-65. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2018.08.016
36. Chapple I.L.C., Bouchard P., Cagetti M.G., Campus G., Carra M.C., Cocco F., Nibali L., Hujoel P., Laine M.L., Lingstrom P., et al. Interaction of lifestyle, behaviour or systemic diseases with dental caries and periodontal diseases: Consensus report of group 2 of the joint EFP/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal diseases // J. Clin. Periodontol. – 2017;44:39-51. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12685.
37. Chen Z., Yang G., Lu S., Chen D., Fan S., Xu J., Wu B., He J. Design and antimicrobial activities of LL-37 derivatives inhibiting the formation of Streptococcus mutans biofilm // Chem. Biol. Drug Des. – 2019;93:1175-1185. doi: 10.1111/cbdd.13419.
38. Fathi N., Ahmadian E., Shahi S., Roshangar L., Khan H., Kouhsoltani M., Maleki Dizaj S., Sharifi S. Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in oral cancer // Biomed. Pharmacother. – 2019;109:391-401. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.102.
39. Gao W., Tang H., Wang D., Zhou X., Song Y., Wang Z. Effect of short-term vitamin D supplementation after nonsurgical periodontal treatment: A randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled clinical trial // J. Periodontal Res. – 2019;45:1-9. doi: 10.1111/jre.12719.
40. Garcia M.N., Hildebolt C.F., Miley D.D., Dixon D.A., Couture R.A., Anderson Spearie C.L., Langenwalter E.M., Shannon W.D., Deych E., Mueller C., et al. One-year effects of Vitamin D and calcium supplementation on chronic periodontitis // J. Periodontol. – 2011;82:25-32. doi: 10.1902/jop.2010.100207.
41. Grant W.B., Boucher B.J. Are hill’s criteria for causality satisfied for vitamin D and periodontal disease? // Dermatoendocrinology. – 2010;2:30-36. doi: 10.4161/derm.2.1.12488.
42. Fathi N., Ahmadian E., Shahi S., Roshangar L., Khan H., Kouhsoltani M., Maleki Dizaj S., Sharifi S. Role of vitamin D and vitamin D receptor (VDR) in oral cancer // Biomed. Pharmacother. – 2019;109:391-401. doi: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.10.102.
43. Fominykh O., Khromtsova K., Dorokhina A. Problem of deficiency of vitamin D at adults and their children. World Congress on Osteoporosis. Ostheoarthritis and Musculoskeletal Diseases, Paris, April 4-7. 2019:201944.
44. Goeke J.E., Kist S., Schubert S., Hickel R., Huth K.C., Kollmuss M. Sensitivity of caries pathogens to antimicrobial peptides related to caries risk // Clin. Oral Investig. – 2018;22:2519-2525. doi: 10.1007/s00784-018-2348-7. 44
45. Jagelavičienė E., Vaitkevičienė I., Šilingaitė D., Šinkūnaitė E., Daugėlaitė G. The relationship between vitamin D and periodontal pathology // Medicina. – 2018;54:45-54. doi: 10.3390/medicina54030045.
46. Heim N., Warwas F.B., Wilms C.T., Reich R.H., Martini M. Vitamin D (25-OHD) deficiency may increase the prevalence of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw // J. Cranio-Maxillofac. Surg. – 2017;45:2068-2074. doi: 10.1016/j.jcms.2017.09.015.
47. Han J., Cheng C., Zhu Z., Lin M., Zhang D.X., Wang Z.M., Wang S. Vitamin D reduces the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines in rat models of periodontitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease // J. Oral Sci. – 2019;61:53-60. doi: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0357.
48. Hiremath V.P., Rao C.B., Naiak V., Prasad K.V. Anti-inflammatory effect of vitamin D on gingivitis: A dose response randomized controlled trial // Indian J. Public Health. – 2013;57:29-32. doi: 10.4103/0019-557X.111365.
49. Hong H., Hong A., Wang C., Huang E., Chiang C. Calcitriol exerts a mineralization-inductive effect comparable to that of vitamin C in cultured human periodontium cells // Am. J. Transl. Res. – 2019;11:2304-2316.
50. Hussain S.B., Botelho J., Machado V., Zehra S.A., Mendes J.J., Ciurtin C., Orlandi M., Aiuto F.D. Is there a bidirectional association between rheumatoid arthritis and periodontitis? A systematic review and meta-analysis // Semin. Arthritis Rheum. – 2020;23:345-352. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2020.01.009.
51. Kawakami M., Takano-Yamamoto T. Local injection of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 enhanced bone formation for tooth stabilization after experimental tooth movement in rats // J. Bone Miner. Metab. – 2014;22:541-546. doi: 10.1007/s00774-004-0521-3.
52. van Driel M., van Leeuwen J.P.T.M. Vitamin D endocrinology of bone mineralization // Mol. Cell. Endocrinol. – 2017;453:46-51. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2017.06.008.
53. Lanham-New S.A., Wilson L.R. Vitamin D—Has the new dawn for dietary recommendations arrived? // Nutr. Bull. – 2016;41:2-5. doi: 10.1111/nbu.12185.
54. Machado V., Botelho J., Amaral A., Proença L., Alves R., Rua J., Cavacas M.A., Delgado A.S., Mendes J.J. Prevalence and extent of chronic periodontitis and its risk factors in a Portuguese subpopulation: A retrospective cross-sectional study and analysis of clinical attachment loss // Peer J. – 2018;6:52-58. doi: 10.7717/peerj.5258.
55. Li H., Li W., Wang Q. 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 suppresses lipopolysaccharide-induced interleukin-6 production through aryl hydrocarbon receptor/nuclear factor-κB signaling in oral epithelial cells // BMC oral health. – 2019;19:1-9. doi: 10.1186/s12903-019-0935-x.
56. Li H., Zhong X., Li W., Wang Q. Effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin on experimental periodontitis and ahr/nf-κb/nlrp3 inflammasome pathway in a mouse model // J. Appl. Oral Sci. – 2019;27:1-10. doi: 10.1590/1678-7757-2018-0713.
57. McMahon L., Schwartz K., Yilmaz O., Brown E., Ryan L.K., Diamond G. Vitamin D-mediated induction of innate immunity in gingival epithelial cells // Infect. Immun. – 2011;79:2250-2256. doi: 10.1128/IAI.00099-11.
58. Mogire R.M., Mutua A., Kimita W., Kamau A., Bejon P., Pettifor J.M., Adeyemo A., Williams T.N., Atkinson S.H. Prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Lancet Glob. Health. – 2020;8:134-142. doi: 10.1016/S2214-109X (19)30457-7.
59. Muñoz Aguilera E., Suvan J., Buti J., Czesnikiewicz-Guzik M., Barbosa Ribeiro A., Orlandi M., Guzik T.J., Hingorani A.D., Nart J., D’Aiuto F., et al. Periodontitis is associated with hypertension: A systematic review and meta-analysis // Cardiovasc. Res. – 2020;116:28-39. doi: 10.1093/cvr/cvz201.
60. Najeeb S., Zafar M.S., Khurshid Z., Zohaib S., Almas K. The role of nutrition in periodontal health: An update // Nutrients. – 2016;8:530-539. doi: 10.3390/nu8090530.
61. Oh C., Kim H.J., Kim H.M. Vitamin D maintains E-cadherin intercellular junctions by downregulating MMP-9 production in human gingival keratinocytes treated by TNF-α // J. Periodontal Implant. Sci. – 2019;49:270-286. doi: 10.5051/jpis.2019.49.5.270.
62. Papageorgiou S.N., Hagner M., Nogueira A.V.B., Franke A., Jäger A., Deschner J. Inflammatory bowel disease and oral health: Systematic review and a meta-analysis // J. Clin. Periodontol. – 2017;44:382-393. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12698.
63. Patil V., Mali R., Moghe A. Evaluation and comparison of Vitamin D receptors in periodontal ligament tissue of Vitamin D-deficient chronic periodontitis patients before and after supplementation of Vitamin D3 // J. Indian Soc. Periodontol. – 2019;23:100-105. doi: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_173_18.
64. Peres M.A., Macpherson L.M.D., Weyant R.J., Daly B., Venturelli R., Mathur M.R., Listl S., Celeste R.K., Guarnizo-Herreño C.C., Kearns C., et al. Oral diseases: A global public health challenge // Lancet. – 2019;394:249-260. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31146-8.
65. Stein S.H., Livada R., Tipton D.A. Re-evaluating the role of vitamin D in the periodontium // J. Periodontal Res. – 2014;49:545-553. doi: 10.1111/jre.12149.
66. Schwalfenberg G.K. A review of the critical role of vitamin D in the functioning of the immune system and the clinical implications of vitamin D deficiency // Mol. Nutr. Food Res. – 2011;55:96-108. doi: 10.1002/mnfr.201000174.
67. Stein S.H., Tipton D.A. Vitamin D and its impact on oral health—An update // J. Tenn. Dent. Assoc. – 2011;91:30-33.
68. Tang X., Pan Y., Zhao Y. Vitamin D inhibits the expression of interleukin-8 in human periodontal ligament cells stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis // Arch. Oral Biol. – 2013;58:397-407. doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2012.09.010.
69. Teles F.R., Teles R.P., Martin L., Socransky S.S., Haffajee A.D. Relationships among interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-α, adipokines, vitamin D, and chronic periodontitis // J. Periodontol. – 2012;83:1183-1191. doi: 10.1902/jop.2011.110346.
70. Tonetti M.S., Jepsen S., Jin L., Otomo-Corgel J. Impact of the global burden of periodontal diseases on health, nutrition and wellbeing of mankind: A call for global action // J. Clin. Periodontol. – 2017;44:456-462. doi: 10.1111/jcpe.12732.
71. Turck D., Bresson J.L., Burlingame B., Dean T., Fairweather-Tait S., Heinonen M., Hirsch-Ernst K.I., Mangelsdorf I., McArdle H.J., Naska A., et al. Update of the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D for infants // EFSA J. – 2018;16:110-118.
72. Uwitonze A.M., Murererehe J., Ineza M.C., Harelimana E.I., Nsabimana U., Uwambaye P., Gatarayiha A., Haq A., Razzaque M.S. Effects of vitamin D status on oral health // J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol. – 2018;175:190-194. doi: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2017.01.020.
73. Wang Q., Zhou X., Zhang P., Zhao P., Nie L., Ji N., Ding Y., Wang Q. 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 positively regulates periodontal inflammaging via SOCS3/STAT signaling in diabetic mice // Steroids. – 2019;156:108-120. doi: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.108570.
74. Watt R.G., Daly B., Allison P., Macpherson L.M.D., Venturelli R., Listl S., Weyant R.J., Mathur M.R., Guarnizo-Herreño C.C., Celeste R.K., et al. Ending the neglect of global oral health: Time for radical action // Lancet. – 2019;394:261-272. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)31133-X.
