Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russian Federation
This article continues a series of works by the authors on the study of the dispersed phase of water using an optical microscope. Previously, it was found that each unit of the dispersed phase is a NaCl microcrystal surrounded by a thick layer of water of hydration, which prevents its dissolution. When free water evaporates from the glass surface, the osmotic pressure in the remaining water increases, which leads to the dissociation of hydration shells and contact of the salt with water. After complete evaporation, large NaCl crystals and gel-like non-evaporating water remain on the glass substrate. The use of a scanning electron microscope made it possible to reveal a number of previously unknown details: the formation of small crystals of sodium chloride on the surface of the dispersed phase of water and the growth of crystals on filaments of gel-like water. According to the authors, a significant part of NaCl in high-resistivity water is in the form of crystals inside the dispersed phase, which manifests itself after the evaporation of free water. The versions of other authors who observed "stable water clusters" in serially diluted solutions are discussed.
water microstructures, dispersed phase, sediment after evaporation, crystallization of NaCl
1. Yakhno T.A., Yakhno V.G. Water as a Microdispersed System. Water “Activation” Mechanism. Water Phases at Room Conditions. WATER SPECIAL EDITION: Evidence of Water Structure, 2022, doi: 10.14294/WATER.2021.S2.
2. Lo S.Y., Geng X., Gann D. Evidence for the existence of stable-water-clusters at room temperature and normal pressure. Phys. Lett., 2009, vol. 373, pp. 3872-3876, doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2009.08.061.
3. Lo A., Cardarella J., Turner J., Lo S.Y. A soft matter state of water and the structures it forms. Forum on Immunopathological Diseases and Therapeutics, 2012, vol. 3, no. 3-4, pp. 237-252, doi: 10.1615/ForumImmunDisTher. 2013007847.
4. Pollack G. The fourth phase of water: beyond solid, liquid, and vapor. Seattle, WA: Ebner and Sons Publishers, 2013, 320 p.
5. Ho M.W. Large supramolecular water clusters caught on camera – A Review. Water, 2014, doi: 10.14294/WATER.2013.12.
6. Ryzhkina I.S., Murtazina L.I., Kiseleva Y.V., Konovalov A.I. Properties of supramolecular nanoassociates formed in aqueous solutions of biologically active compounds in low or ultra-low concentrations. Doklady Physical Chemistry, 2009, vol. 428, pp. 196-200.
7. Ryzhkina I.S., Murtazina L.I., Konovalov A.I. Action of the external electromagnetic field is the condition of nanoassociate formation in highly diluted aqueous solutions. Doklady Physical Chemistry, 2011, vol. 440, pp. 201-204.
8. Elia V., Ausanio G., De Ninno A., Gentile F., Germano R., Napoli E., Niccoli M. Experimental evidence of stable aggregates of water at room temperature and normal pressure after iterative contact with a Nafion® polymer membrane. WATER, 2013, vol. 5, pp. 16-26, doi: 10.14294/WATER.2013.4.
9. Elia V., Germano R., Napoli E. Permanent dissipative structures in water: the matrix of life? Experimental evidences and their quantum origin. Curr. Top Med. Chem., 2015, vol. 15, pp. 559-71.
10. Elia V., Napoli E., Germano R., Oliva R., Roviello V., Niccoli M., Amoresano A., Naviglio D., Ciaravolo M., Trifuoggi M., Yinnon TA. New chemical-physical properties of water after iterative procedure using hydrophilic polymers: The case of paper filter. J. Mol. Liq., 2019, vol. 296, e111808.
11. Elia V., Napoli E., Germano R., Roviello V., Oliva R., Niccoli V., Amoresano A., Toscanesi M., Trifuoggi M., Fabozzi A., Yinnon T.A. Water perturbed by cellophane: comparison of its physicochemical properties with those of water perturbed with cotton wool or Nafion. Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, 2021, vol. 146, pp. 2073-2088, doi: 10.1007/s10973-020-10185-0.
12. James R.T., Seddon and Detlef Lohse. Nanobubbles and micropancakes: gaseous domains on immersed substrates. J. Phys. Condens. Matter, 2011, vol. 23, pp. 22.
13. Del Giudice E., Vitiello G. Role of the electromagnetic field in the formation of domains in the process of symmetry-breaking phase transitions. Phys. Rev. A., 2006, vol. 74, e022105, pp. 1-9.
14. Yakhno T., Yakhno V.A. study of structural organization of water and aqueous solutions by means of optical microscopy. Crystals, 2019, vol. 9, no. 1, pp. 52, doi: 10.3390/cryst9010052.
15. Yakhno T., Drozdov M., Yakhno V. Giant Water Clusters: Where Are They From? Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, vol. 20, pp. 158, doi: 10.3390/ijms20071582.
16. Yakhno T.A., Yakhno V.G. Physico-chemical evolution of the dispersed phase of water during its drying. Topical issues of Biological Physics and Chemistry, 2019, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 9-16. (In Russ.)
17. Yakhno T.A. Sodium chloride crystallization from drying drops of albumin-salt solutions with different albumin concentrations. Technical Physics, 2015, vol. 60, no. 11, pp. 1601-1608.
18. Yakhno T., Sanin A., Yakhno V. Microstructure of water sediments on hydrophilic surfaces. World Journal of Condensed Matter Physics, 2022, preprint: https://arxiv.org/abs/2205.10542.
19. Askhabov A.M. Pre-germinal clusters and non-classical crystal formation. Notes of the Russian Mineralogical Society, 2019, Part CXLVII, no. 6, doi: 10.30695/zrmo/2019.1486.00. (In Russ.)
20. Linnikov O.D. The mechanism of sediment formation during spontaneous crystallization of salts from supersaturated aqueous solutions. Russian Chem. Reviews, 2014, vol. 83, no. 4, pp. 343-364, doi: 10.1070/RC2014v083n04ABEH004399. (In Russ.)
21. Cölfen H. Nonclassical Nucleation and Crystallization. Crystals, 2020, vol. 10, no. 61, doi: 10.3390/cryst10020061.
22. Jiang H., Debenedetti P.G., Panagiotopoulos A.Z. Nucleation in aqueous NaCl solutions shifts from 1-step to 2-step mechanism on crossing the spinodal. J. Chem. Phys., 2019, vol. 150, pp. 124502, doi: 10.1063/1.5084248.
23. Sun Q., Cui S., Zhang M. Homogeneous Nucleation Mechanism of NaCl in Aqueous Solutions. Crystals, 2020, vol. 10, no. 107, doi: 10.3390/cryst10020107.
24. Hwang S.G., Hong J.K., Sharma A., Pollack G.H., Bahng G. Exclusion zone and heterogeneous water structure at ambient temperature. PLoS ONE, 2018, vol. 13, no. 4, e0195057, doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195057.
25. Chang S., Jensen K.H., Kim W. Dynamics of water imbibition through hydrogel-coated capillary tubes. Phys. Rev. Fluids, 2022, vol. 7, e064301, doi: 10.1103/PhysRevFluids.7.064301.
26. Yakhno T.A., Yakhno V.G. "The phenomenon of a drop of coffee" and its temporal fluctuations. Autonomous oscillatory processes in colloidal liquids. ZhTF, 2017, vol. 87, no. 3, pp. 323-330. (In Russ.)
