GRNTI 34.03 Теоретическая биология
This paper is written in order to summarizes the role of electromagnetic fields in the origin and evolution of life on Earth, as well as hazard and benefit from electromagnetic fields. It is an attempt to show that today the mankind and the entire biosphere are subjected to a global experiment conducted without protocol, monitoring and even knowing the parameters of the applied electromagnetic fields. At the same time, electromagnetic fields used in magnetotherapy has been proven to be beneficial in treatment of various health problems. Magnetotherapy is non-invasive, safe, and easily applied methods to directly treat the site of injury, the source of pain, and inflammation. The development of advanced communication technologies year after year increases the hazard for the biosphere and mankind. The paper discuses the contradiction between scientists and technological engineers in the line thermal or nonthermal are effects of electromagnetic fields. The specific problems with children health are analyzed. It focused on the facts that at the end of the second decade of this century more aggressive mobile communications, such as 4G and especially 5G are being introduced in the North America and Europe without any attempt to evaluate the hazard for civilization.
electromagnetic fields, mobile communication, public health, protect children
The contemporary science recognizes that natural electromagnetic and especially magnetic fields have been factors that accompanied the development and evolution of the planet Earth and life on the planet. In historic sense, people understood early that some natural material might help in some cases of injuries and diseases. A legend suggests that a Greek shepherd in the hills near the village of Magnesia (which exists today in Turkey under the same name) found stones that attracted his sandals, and soon these stones were used to treat certain maladies.
1. Gilbert W. De Magnete (written in latin). Translated and published by Dower publication; 1600. 368 p.
2. Bassett CAL, Pawluk RJ, Pilla AA. Acceleration of fracture repair by electromagnetic fields. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1974;238:242-62.
3. Todorov N. Magnetotherapy. Sofia: Meditzina i Physcultura Publishing House; 1982. Bulgarian.
4. Kholodov YA. Man in Magnetic Web. Moscow: Nauka; 1976. Russian.
5. Polk C, Postow E (eds.). CRC Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 1986.
6. Barnes F, Greenebaum B (eds.). Handbook of Biological Effects of Electromagnetic Fields, 3rd edn. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2007.
7. Rosch PJ, Markov MS (eds.) Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. Marcel Dekker, New York. 2004.
8. Rosch P (ed.). Bioelectromgnetic and Subtle Energy Medicine. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2015.
9. Markov MS, Grigoriev YG. WiFi technology – an uncontrolled experiment on human health. Electromagnetic Biology and Medicine. 2013;32(2):200-8.
10. Belyaev I. Biophysical mechanisms for non-thermal microwave effects. In: Markov MS (ed.) Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2015.
11. Shupak N. Therapeutic uses of pulsed magnetic-field exposure: a review. Radio Sci Bull. 2003;307:9-32.
12. Markov MS. Pulsed electromagnetic field therapy: history, state of the art and future. Environmentalist. 2007;27:465-75.
13. Lin J (ed.). Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton. 2011.
14. Markov MS. Benefit and hazard of electromagnetic fields. In: Markov M (ed.). Electromagnetic Fields in Biology and Medicine. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2015. p. 15-29.
15. IARC WHO, Classifies radiofrequency electromagnetic fields as possibly carcinogenic to humans. Press release No. 208, May 31, 2011, 3 p.
16. Markov MS. Impact of physical factors on the society and environment. Environmentalist. 2012;32 (2):121-30.
17. Kane R. Cellular Phones: Russian roulette. Vantage Press Inc. New York. 1995; 241 p.
18. Markov MS. Thermal versus nonthermal mechanisms of interactions between electromagnetic fields and biological systems. In: Ayrapetyan SN and Markov M (eds.) Bioelectromagnetics: Current concepts. Dordrecht: Springer; 2006. p. 1-16.
19. Markov MS. Biological effects of extremely low frequency magnetic fields. In: Ueno S (ed) Biomagnetic Stimulation, New York: Plenum Press; 1994. p. 91-102.
20. Oltman R. 5G is coming. Microwave Journal; Oct 2017. p. 40-42.
21. Betskii OV, Lebedeva NN. Low-intensity millimeter waves in biology and medicine. In: Rosch PJ and Markov MS (eds.). Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker: 2004. p. 741-60.
22. Bassett CAL. Fundamental and practical aspects of therapeutic uses of pulsed electromagnetic fields (PEMFs). Critical Review Biomedical Engineering. 1989;17:451-529.
23. Bassett CAL. Therapeutic uses of electric and magnetic fields in orthopedics. In: D. Karpenter and S. Ayrapetyan (eds.) Biological Effects of Electric and Magnetic Fields. San Diego: Academic Press; 1994. p. 13-8.
24. Adey WR. Potential therapeutic applications of nontherrmal electromagnetic fields: Ensemble organization of cells in tissue as a factor in biological field sensing. In: Rosch PJ, Markov MS. (eds.) Bioelectromagnetic Medicine. New York: Marcel Dekker; 2004. p. 1-14.
25. Valberg, P. How to plan EMF experiments. Bioelectromagnetics. 1995;16:396-401.
26. SanPiN. Radiofrequency electromagnetic radiation (RF EMR) under occupational and living conditions. Moscow: Minzdrav; 1996. Russian.
27. Cho CK, D’Andrea JA. Review of effects of RF fields on various aspects of human health. Bioelectromagnetics. 2003;24(S6):S5-6.
28. Foster K. Bioelectromagnetics pioneer Herman Schwan passed away at age 90. Bioelectromagnetics Newsletter. 2005;2:1-2.
29. Schwan HP, Piersol GM. The absorption of electromagnetic energy in body tissues. Rev Phys Med Rehabil. 1954;33(6):371-404.
30. Michaelson SM. Human exposure to nonionizing radiant energy – potential hazards and safety standards. Proc. IEEE. 1972;1:389-421.
31. Lin JC. Interaction of two cross-polarized electromagnetic waves with mammalian cranial structures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME. 1977;23(5):371-5.
32. Durney CH, Massodi E, Iskander MF. Radiofrequency Radiation Dosimetry Handbook, Rep. SAM-TR-78-22, USAF School of Aerospace Medicine. Brooks Air Force Base, Texas; 1978.
33. Lin JC. Electromagnetic pulse interaction with mammalian cranial structures. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng. 1976;23:61-3.
34. Schwan HP. Microwave radiation; hot spots in conducting spheres by electromagnetic waves and biological implications. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME. 1972;19(1):53-8.
35. Schwan HP. Microwave radiation; biophysical considerations and standards criteria. IEEE Trans Biomed Eng BME. 1972;19(4):304-12.
36. Parliamentary Assembly. Council of Europe. 2011. Resolution 1815. The potential dangers of electromagnetic fields and their effect on the environment; 2011. Available from: http://assembly.coe.int/nw/xml/XRef/Xref-XML2HTML-en.asp?fileid=17994.
37. Jiang Z, Wei Hong, Nianzu Zhang, Chau Yu. Progress and challenges of test technologies for 5G. Microwave Journal. January 2018:80-94
38. IMT-2020 5G wireless technology architecture. IMT-2020 (5G) Promotion Group, May 2015. Available from: www.scribd.com/doc/294556768/WHITE-PAPER-ON-5G-WIRELESS-TECHNOLOGY-ARCHITECTURE-pdf.
39. Grigoriev YG. Mobile communications and health of population: the risk assessment, social and ethical problems. Environmentalist. 2012;32(2):193-200.
40. Grigoriev YG, Khorseva NI. Mobile communications and health of children. Risk assessment of the use of mobile communication by children and adolescents. Recommendations to children and parents 2014. Moscow: Economics; 2014. 230 p. Russian.
41. Markov MS. Magnetic and electromagnetic field dosimetry – necessary step in harmonization of standards. – Proc. WHO Meeting, Varna, April 2001. Available from: http://www.who.int/peh-emf/publications/Varna.
42. Nikita KS, Kiourri A. Mobile communication field in biological systems. In: Lin J (ed.) Electromagnetic Fields in Biological Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton; 2011. p. 261-329.
43. Koulouridis S, Nikita KS. Study of the coupling between human head and cellular phone helical antennas. IEEE Trans Electrom Compat. 2004;46:62-71.
44. Christ A, et al. Age-dependent tissue specific exposure of cell phone users. Phys Med Biol. 2010;55:1763-83.
45. Christ A, et al. Impact of pinna compression on the RF absorption in the head of adults and juvenile cell phone users. Bioelectromagnetics. 2010;31:406-12.
46. Grigoriev Y, Khortzeva N. A longitudinal study of psychophysiological indicators of pupils – user mobile communication in Russia (2006-2017). Children are at the group of risk. In Markov MS (ed.) Mobile Communications and Public Health. Boca Raton FL: CRC Press; 2018. p. 237-52.
47. WHO Backgrounder; 2003 Apr.
48. Boice J, Tarone RE. Cell phone, cancer and children. J Natl Inst Cancer. 2011;103(16):1211-3.
49. Justesen DR. A comparative study of human sensory thresholds: 2450 MHz microwaves vs far-infrared radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. 1982;3:117-25.
